Who is Arafat? :: Politics Political

Who is Arafat?Now more than ever President Bush is pushing Israel for a withdrawal from the Palestinian-occupied territories in order of magnitude get the cease-fire in effect. President Bush once said that unrivalled cannot negotiate with terrorists the question now is whether Arafat is a terrorist or a restmaker. The dissolvent is simple Arafat is a terrorist, and President Bush should not force Prime Minister Sharon to negotiate with a terrorist. If Arafat is not a terrorist then why argon Fatah and Al-Aqsa Martyrs group (terrorist groups) headed by Arafat (Kalman 1)? President Bush must face the truth ab come forth the Arab terror against Israel he has to gather in that the goal of the Arab world has forever and a day been, and still is, to break the state of Israel(Podhoretz 2). The fact is that after the Oslo peace accords in September 1993, Palestinians killed more Israelis than in the 15 years that preceded the accord (Kelly 2). If there was no peace as a result of t hat accord, why should anyone expect peace after any other accord that Arafat is in charge of, as he was in Oslo? How can a man that won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, now urge Palestinians to sacrifice themselves as martyrs in jihad (holy war) for promised land(Kalman 2)? Is this a man that anyone can negotiate with? Reuters reports that on April 1, 2002 one of Lebanons most prominent Shiite Muslim cleric gave his blessing to female self-destruction bombers, like the one who struck in Jerusalem on Friday (March 29, 2002), calling them authors of a new, glorious history for Arab and Muslim women.(Par. 1) President Bush must see that there is no moral difference between the terrorists operating out of the PA and the al-Qaida network. He will recognize that to sponsor the establishment of a state examination by the thugs and murderers of the PA would be tantamount to putting the Taliban back into power in Afghanistan (Podhoretz 4). To assail Israel now and make Sharon protract Isra eli troops out of Palestinian territory without fully completing their task of rooting out the terrorists would be like telling Bush that he has to pull out American troops from Afghanistan because our troops are invading their land. After Prime Minister Sharon announced war on terrorism and began sending Israeli troops into Palestinian territories, there have been fewer suicide bombings. While Israel was occupying the major Palestinian towns, there were no suicide bombings for about eight days, tho as presently as Israel started pulling out, suicide bombings began again.Who is Arafat? Politics PoliticalWho is Arafat?Now more than ever President Bush is pushing Israel for a withdrawal from the Palestinian-occupied territories in order get the cease-fire in effect. President Bush once said that one cannot negotiate with terrorists the question now is whether Arafat is a terrorist or a peacemaker. The answer is simple Arafat is a terrorist, and President Bush should not force Pri me Minister Sharon to negotiate with a terrorist. If Arafat is not a terrorist then why are Fatah and Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (terrorist groups) headed by Arafat (Kalman 1)? President Bush must face the truth about the Arab terror against Israel he has to see that the goal of the Arab world has always been, and still is, to destroy the state of Israel(Podhoretz 2). The fact is that after the Oslo peace accords in September 1993, Palestinians killed more Israelis than in the 15 years that preceded the accord (Kelly 2). If there was no peace as a result of that accord, why should anyone expect peace after any other accord that Arafat is in charge of, as he was in Oslo? How can a man that won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, now urge Palestinians to sacrifice themselves as martyrs in jihad (holy war) for Palestine(Kalman 2)? Is this a man that anyone can negotiate with? Reuters reports that on April 1, 2002 one of Lebanons most prominent Shiite Muslim cleric gave his blessing to female s uicide bombers, like the one who struck in Jerusalem on Friday (March 29, 2002), calling them authors of a new, glorious history for Arab and Muslim women.(Par. 1) President Bush must see that there is no moral difference between the terrorists operating out of the PA and the al-Qaida network. He will recognize that to sponsor the establishment of a state run by the thugs and murderers of the PA would be tantamount to putting the Taliban back into power in Afghanistan (Podhoretz 4). To assail Israel now and make Sharon pull Israeli troops out of Palestinian territory without fully completing their task of rooting out the terrorists would be like telling Bush that he has to pull out American troops from Afghanistan because our troops are invading their land. After Prime Minister Sharon announced war on terrorism and began sending Israeli troops into Palestinian territories, there have been fewer suicide bombings. While Israel was occupying the major Palestinian towns, there were no s uicide bombings for about eight days, but as soon as Israel started pulling out, suicide bombings began again.

Harlem Renaissance :: essays research papers

It seemed to me that the primary purpose of The Crisis was to motivate the Darker Race to rise. I focused my attention on three particular pieces from The Crisis, an advertisement, a section called The Horizon and the poem Negro, to prove my point. Although all of these pieces served the same purpose but their method and what they were presenting were very distinct.In the Negro Langston Hughes focused on the history or the past of the African American race to motive the current bleaks to rise. The poem gave the reader a sense of pride to be black it spoke and comforted the reader. The author spoke of the Darker Race brushing boots, keeping door-steps clean, and building pyramids. The black race did everything from small to large they gave birth to civilizations. And now it has scratch to this that they are slaves to their children, they are in the foot of the very thing they created. Hughes is placing curiosity the minds of blacks, how can such be? We were immense formerly, how did we come to this state? Langston Hughes is giving them the fall in of inquisition, to seek, to inquire, to gain knowledge. Hughes is sending the message, gain knowledge and learn of our errors, thereafter bring changes, so we may return to our glorious past and be great once again.Similarly the advertisement, Do you Know What Civilization Owes to the Negro? Can you give the names of the Negro men and women who helped to make this worlds History? The 2-foot shelf of Negro Literature was inspiring the black community to rise by educating themselves in their great history. It was telling the blacks that you were once great and you can be great again. It challenged and questioned the mind we were creators of civilizations, how are we now slaves to our very creation? The Horizon too focused on motivating the African community however, in a myopic different manner. They focused on the present, unlike the previous two, by showing what the blacks can have with little effort. In this s ection there were decoded images titled, The Dinning Room in a Negro Home, which brought dreams to many black families. There were also images of professional African Americans, images of churches and universities operated by blacks. All these images were building dreams in the hearts of four-year-old African Americans constructing the next generation black dreamers, singers, poets, painters and artists.

Othello’s Diabolism Essay -- Othello essays

Othellos Diabolism In Shakespe bes tragedy Othello, there is present through most of the play such an overwhelming amount of sin that the audience can scarcely remain undisturbed. Alvin Kernans Othello an Introduction explains the diabolism existing under the name of honest Iago middling Iago conceals beneath the exterior of the plain soldier and blunt, practical man of the world a diabolism so intense as to defy rational news report it must be taken like lust or pride as simply a given part of human nature, an anti-life spirit which seeks the demolition of everything outside the self. (75) Even the imagery in the drama has its evil aspect. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare Othello, explains the instances of diabolic imagery in the play as they relate to the infecting of the secure by the ancient The same transference from Iago to Othello may be observed in what S. L. Bethell called diabolic imagery. He estimated that of the 64 images relating to hell and damnation many of them are allusions rather than strict images Iago has 18 and Othello 26. But 14 of Iagos are used in the first two Acts, and 25 of Othellos in the last three. The topic of hell originates with Iago and is transferred to Othello only when Iago has succeeded in infecting the Moor with his jealousy. (22) In his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley gives an in-depth analysis of the brand of evil which the ancient personifies Iago stands supreme among Shakespeares evil characters because the greatest intensity and subtlety of imagination have gone to his making, and because he illustrates in the most perfect combination th... ... 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wayne, Valerie. Historical Differences misogyny and Othello. The Matter of Difference Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1991. Wilson, H. S. On the Des ign of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada University of Toronto Press, 1957. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. The Engaging Qualities of Othello. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p. Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957. -- -- --. Introduction. The Folger Library General Readers Shakespeare The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. New York Washington Square Press, 1957.

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay -- American History Cuba Essays

The Cu illegalise Missile Crisis John F. Kennedys greatest triumph as President of the United States came in 1962, as the worlds two largest superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, edged closer and closer to atomic war. The Soviet premier of Russia was caught gird Fidel Castro with nuclear weapons. The confrontation left the world in fear for thirteen long days, with the life of the world on the line. In 1962, Nikita Khrushchev, Premier of the Soviet Union, assiduous a daring gambit. He secretly ordered the placement of Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba. Earlier the Soviet premier had promised Soviet protection to Cuba (Cuban 774). This was the first time any such weapons had been placed outside of Eurasia (Hersh 345). Several explanations for his actions have been offered by historians. One factor in Khrushchevs decision was a strategic one (Hersh 346). A year earlier, the United States had placed several medium-range nuclear missiles in Turkey (Cuban 774). The missiles were just across the Black ocean from the Soviet Union, within sight of Khrushchevs summer home (Hersh 346). President Kennedy had earlier ignored his advisors and placed nuclear missiles in Turkey. Another factor was a flagellum by the US to one of the Soviet Unions satellite countries, Cuba (Hersh 346). The United States had, in the past, attempted to kill Fidel Castro, dictator of Cuba (Brinkley 1047). In July of 1962, the United States found out that nuclear missile shipments were being made to Cuba. United States U-2 spy planes flew over the island, bringing back reports of construction and ballistic missiles (Cuban 744). The CIA found that five thousand Russian armed services technicians were in Cuba, and various military weapons were being unloaded onto the island. When U-2 activity was increased, reports showed the presence of SAMs (surface-to-air missiles) and torpedo boats with ship-to-ship rockets (Mills 233). On September 4, Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin met with Robert Kennedy to discuss a message from Khrushchev. According to the message, the military buildup was defensive in nature and not militarily threatening. Robert F. Kennedy informed the ambassador that the United States would closely watch all military activity in Cuba and warned of severe consequences should the Soviets place offensive weapons (Mills 233). President Kennedy apparently did not believe the ... ...were removed and the sites demolished. Khrushchev soon announced that he would concentrate on Russias economic problems instead of international military matters. He asked for solutions from the West in solving the Berlin dilemma. He thought that in the next war, the survivors will envy the wild (Mills 246). On Christmas Eve, 1962, over $50 million of baby food and medical supplies were sent, and the Bay of Pigs prisoners were released. In April 1963, Kennedy had the Jupiter missiles removed from Turkey, and four months later, Russia signed the nuclear test ban treaty. A hot line teletype link now enabled instant communication between Moscow and Washington, and the US sold extra wheat and flour to the Soviet Union. The tide of the Cold War turned--for a little while (Mills 247). The crisis was the closest the world had ever come to global nuclear war and could possibly be the reason for Khrushchevs fall in 1964 (Cuban 774). Those thirteen days left the world in awe of the determination and responsibility of the United States and its young electric chair (Hersh 342). John Kennedy summarized his dealings with Khrushchev in just five words I cut his balls off (Hersh 341).

Black and White Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Black and White Friendship in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn   To arise Jim in, or not to troll Jim in, that is the question that Huck is faced with in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Whether it is nobler to protect a friend or to give in to the demands of society by expiry a friendship. This novel portrays a period in American history where most grey whites considered blacks as a piece of property. Huck, a white Southern boy, and Jim, a run-away slave, had a friendship that was inappropriate in society. During their adventurous journey, Huck would have to confront the consequences of protecting a run-away slave, if he decided to give Jim protection.   throughout this novel the relationship between Huck and Jim differs in and out of society because of Hucks feelings towards Jim. These two adventurers had planned to leave the Mississippi and go North, but missed their chance. The river took them farther and farther South. If Jim was caug ht, he would be in big trouble. If Huck didnt turn Jim in, he would also be in big trouble. Huck found himself battling with his conscience, when he realized how close Jim was to his freedom, ...I begun to get it through my head that he was most free-and who was to blame for it? Why, me. I couldnt get that out of my conscience, no how nor no way. (pg.85) Turning Jim in would be difficult, since he was a benevolent and amiable man. It was not righteous that he should be hurt, but if Huck helped Jim run away, he would have to turn his prat on his own people. He would be saying slavery, and everyone who believed in it, was wrong. Huck came to the decision to tell someone about Jim that will force him back into slavery. Soon enough they encountered two white men on a skiff. During this incident Huck perceived that his feelings to protect Jim were stronger than his feelings to turn him in. He lied when the men asked if Jim was white or black.   Each time they encounter ed other people who might turn Jim in, Huck was prepared to reveal another untrue story.

Black and White Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Black and White Friendship in Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn   To turn Jim in, or not to turn Jim in, that is the question that Huck is faced with in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Whether it is nobler to protect a friend or to give in to the demands of society by ending a friendship. This novel portrays a period in American history where most Southern whites considered blacks as a piece of property. Huck, a white Southern boy, and Jim, a run-away slave, had a friendship that was inappropriate in society. During their adventurous journey, Huck would have to confront the consequences of protecting a run-away slave, if he decided to give Jim protection.   Throughout this novel the birth between Huck and Jim differs in and out of society because of Hucks feelings towards Jim. These two adventurers had planned to leave the Mississippi and go North, but missed their chance. The river took them farther and farther South. If Jim was caught , he would be in big trouble. If Huck didnt turn Jim in, he would also be in big trouble. Huck found himself battling with his conscience, when he realized how scrawny Jim was to his freedom, ...I begun to get it through my head that he was most free-and who was to blame for it? Why, me. I couldnt get that out of my conscience, no how nor no way. (pg.85) Turning Jim in would be difficult, since he was a benevolent and amiable man. It was not righteous that he should be hurt, but if Huck helped Jim run away, he would have to turn his back on his own people. He would be saying slavery, and everyone who believed in it, was wrong. Huck came to the decision to tell someone about Jim that will force him back into slavery. Soon adequate they encountered two white men on a skiff. During this incident Huck perceived that his feelings to protect Jim were stronger than his feelings to turn him in. He lied when the men asked if Jim was white or black.   Each time they encount ered other people who might turn Jim in, Huck was prepared to reveal another untrue story.

Audit program design part ii Essay

With the exception of cash gross revenue, every transaction and amount is ultimately included in maven of two balance sheet accounts, accounts receivable or allowance for tough accounts. There argon eight business functions for the changes and collection cycle. The first quadruple processes be for recording sales, while every other class of transactions includes only one business function. The four sales transaction functions atomic number 18 needed for getting the goods into the hands of customers, correctly billing them, and reflecting the information in the write up records. The remaining four functions involve the collection and recording of cash, sales returns and allowances, write-off of uncollectible accounts, and providing for bad debt disbursement.Classes of transactionsBusiness Functionsgross revenueProcessing customer ordersGranting creditShipping goodsBilling customers and recording salesCash ReceiptsProcessing and recording cash receipts sales events returns and allowancesProcessing and recording sales returns and allowances write-off of uncollectible accountsWriting off uncollectible accounts receivable Bad debt expenseProviding for bad debts(Arens, 2012, p.443)The direction of testing for sales is as follows Customer orders Shipping Documents Duplicate Sales accountings Sales Journals and General Ledger. (Arens, 2012, p. 455) studys of ControlsFor for apiece one go, there should be at least one test of control, but there can be more than one. We get out come across evidence for intrinsic controls by Documentation Observation Inquiries of the client and Re-performance. The tests create scrutinise evidence that support the common assertions for the business cycle Existence and item to ensure that sales atomic number 18 preserve for shipments to genuine customersCompleteness All existing sales transaction are recordedAccuracy to ensure that amounts of sales for quantities shipped is recorded and billed accurately, is summarize d appropriately and is traceable to accounts receivables master filePresentation and disclosure/ Classification Sales transaction are appropriately classified andCut-Off The sales are recorded in the accounting period in which these were incurred.We propose the future(a) tests of controls for Sales and CollectionsExamination of purchase orders from customers for evidence of customer approval Inspection of sales invoice for supporting documentation Tracing Sale invoice figures to bill of lading and customer order Inspection of batch control file for initials of entropy control clerk au soticating sign offFollow up on the sequential pattern of Shipping documents Examination of file for batch totals and initials of data control clerk Inspect the internal verification documentation package and Re-perform reconciliation of customer debtors master file totals to general ledger balance.Substantive Tests of TransactionsFor each transaction, there should be at least one real test, but the re can be more than one. We will gather evidence for internal controls by Documentation Inquiries of the client Re-performance and Recalculation. The tests create audit evidence that support the common assertions for the business cycle Existence and Occurrence, Completeness, Accuracy, Presentation and disclosure/ Classification, and Cutoff. We propose the following substantive tests of transactions for Sales and Collections Ensure that the sales invoices are serially numberedReview master file and sales journal for unusual transactions and abnormally high or low amountsTrace the sample of selected sales journal entries to its supporting documents like , bill of lading and sales order inter alia , likewise collapse duplicate sales invoice issued (if any)Trace information as per shipping documents to the sales journal Trace sales journal ledger entries to sale invoices on sample basis Verify amounts on the sale invoice by re-computing terms and extension on the sameTrace amounts of sales from Sale invoices to customer orders, sale order and shipping documents like bill of lading etc. andTrace selected invoices from journal to the Trade debtors master file and test amount, date, and invoice number for valuation and cut off. analytic ProceduresBecause analytical processs are substantive tests, they reduce the extent to which the auditor needs to perform detailed tests of balances, if the analytical procedure results are favorable. Our audit team performs analytical procedures for the entire sales and collection cycle, non just accounts receivable. When we perform analytical procedures for sales, we obtain evidence about both sales and accounts receivable. We propose the following analytical procedures for Sales and CollectionsAnalytical Procedure Possible Misstatement equation gross margin helping with previous Overstatement or understatement of sales days (by product line). and accounts receivable.Compare sales by month (by product line) Overstatement or un derstatement of sales over time. and accounts receivable.Compare sales returns and allowances as a Overstatement or understatement of sales contribution of gross sales with previous years returns and allowances and accounts (by product line). receivable.Compare individual customer balances over a Misstatements in accounts receivable and stated amount with previous years. related income statement accounts.Compare bad debt expense as a percentage of Uncollectible accounts receivable that have gross sales with previous years. not been provided for.Compare number of days that accounts Overstatement or understatement of receivable are outstanding with previous years allowance for uncollectible accounts and and related turnover of accounts receivable. bad debt expense also may sharpen fictitious accounts receivable.Compare aging categories as a percentage of Overstatement or understatement of accounts receivable with previous years. allowance for uncollectible accounts and bad debt expe nse.Compare allowance for uncollectible accounts Overstatement or understatement of as a percentage of accounts receivable with allowance for uncollectible accounts and previous years. bad debt expense.Compare write-off of uncollectible accounts as Overstatement or understatement of a percentage of total accounts receivable with allowance for uncollectible accounts and previous years. bad debt expense.(Arens, 2012, p. 524)Payroll and Personnel CycleThe personnel and payroll cycle of Apollo Shoes Inc. must be audited with the inclusion of tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions, and analytical procedures. Tests of account balance details are not required considering the balance sheet accounts regarding payroll are not of a material constitution (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2012). Transactions within the payroll cycle have the potential for materiality and are therefore far more important when designing the audit program.Test of ControlsInternal control over the payroll and personnel cycle is significant to the accuracy of each payroll transaction. In order to properly test controls regarding each of the audit objectives listed above the design for test of controls includes several review and examination factors, as well as discussion with employees.Substantive Test of TransactionsTests of transactions may happen during the testing or internal control or may happen after the internal control has been tested depending on the nigh efficient way to conduct the audit program. Tests of transactions for the personnel and payroll cycle are of high importance because of the volume of transactions throughout the accounting period. Transaction testing allows for identification of irregularities and potential misstatements in payroll. Apollo Shoes Inc. uses an internal form known as a take home sheet that indicate gross pay, each deduction, net pay, and year to date totals for each employee (Louwers & Reynolds, 2007). Examination and comparison of this form, th e corresponding payroll cross-file, and the corresponding canceled checks will make up a large portion of the tests of transactions.1.Compare canceled checks with payroll register2.Compare canceled checks with take home sheets3.Compare payroll change documents to payroll employee files 4.Recalculate register entries and take home sheets5.Recalculate hours worked from time records (Arens, et al., 2012) 6.Compare payroll register and take home sheets with vouchers paid 7.Examine employee records for all unclaimed checks8.Compare paid register and vouchers with master payroll file 9.Examine time cards and time clockAnalytical ProceduresAnalytical procedures as a part of the audit program allow for the relatively quick comparison of specific account details that may precede to identifying possible misstatements that require additional detailed testing (Arens, et al., 2012). Analytical procedures involve the use of current and historical information to make comparisons. If the comparis on result differs from the pass judgment then additional testing will be necessary.Compare salary expenses to those from last year in order to determine if the expected increase in salary expense is reasonable (Louwers & Reynolds, 2007).Compare total payroll expense to previous years accounting for pay and volume increases to establish whether or not there are misstatements in payroll expenses (Arens, et al., 2012).Compare sales to last year and review these in order to determine if the changes in payroll and sales are relative from one year to the next. Increased sales with a decrease in payroll for example may indicate a misstatement.Compare payroll tax expense as a percentage of salaries and wages to previous years to determine potential misstatements in payroll tax expense (Arens, et al., 2012).Review executive salaries and determine if they correspond to the salaries authorized in the board minutes (Louwers & Reynolds, 2007).Acquisition and Payment CycleWith the acquisition an d payment cycle, there are three main transactions in this cycle, which entail Attainment of merchandises and amenities,Cash distribution, and purchase returns, andAllowances and buying reductions.The first assessment goal is to check for existence by confirming that acquisition demand, purchase order, receiving report, payment transactions and merchant statements are attached to the coupon.It needs to be confirmed that the level of credit authorization is accurate, becharm of acquisitions are from approved merchants only, and that each transactions are appropriate. Then the, papers are studied for existence, merchants are certified, and payable records are reviewed for uncommon accounts. The fixed assets that are attained are observed too.The next audit goal is to check control for extensiveness by testing that the transactions are renumbered and in sequence order. Transactions are outlined to coupons and journals. Additionally is to assess controls for correctness by validating t hat the calculations are accurate and are associated to summary reports.The journals and reports are paralleled for correctness. The goal of the assessment is to check controls for arrangement by validating account grouping and inspecting the chart of accounts and processes by linking the grouping through the chart of accounts as they mention to the merchants statement.The audit goal is to assess the controls for timing by validating periods and observing and witnessing unrecorded merchant statements and transactions. These are confirmed on the inside. The dates of acquiring these reports and statement are then paralleled with dates of acquirement and payment transactions.The assessment platform is intended to let the business to comprehend how the auditors will be testing internal controls. This sequence of exams and methodical processes are intended to demonstrate the worth and rationality of the sales and collection cycle, payroll and personnel cycle, and acquisition and payment cycle.The exams center on existence, wholeness, and correctness. Once the exams are done, we will have a better indication on how to continue with the remainder of the assessment. It will help to regulate how long the assessment might be and what the price could be.ReferencesArens, A. A., Elder, R.J., & Beasley, M.S. (2012). Auditing and assurance services An integrated approach (14th Ed.). New York, New York Pearson.Louwers, T. J., & Reynolds, J. K. (2007). Apollo Shoes Casebook. New York, New York McGraw-Hill.

School Law Class

The office of a educate superintendent, must work hand in hand with opposite associations and other principals in order to develop good system for the evaluation of the teacher and the principal. This will also include the measures put in place for the growth of the students. in that respect should be a common agreement of a good definition of an effective teacher, an effective principal as well as the way a student growth shall be measured in the whole country. (Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997). Moreover, a good amount of the teacher and the principal evaluation systems must include how the students academician growth will be measured.To close the gap which is available in the achievement, it would be appropriate to ensure that the teachers and the principals are the first to support so that they nominate address the needs of the students in the classrooms and in various cultivates. This should be then evaluated and the teachers held responsible for the academic growth of every stu dent. To ensure that the process of negotiations between the aim board, the school employees and the superintendents of the schools runs smoothly the superintendents nourish to work closely with the teachers unions.The unions are known to be most powerful yet the least considered when negotiating the public education issues in the current world. Despite the attention of the public focusing mainly on the influence the national unions vex, policies that affect most schools and the teachers are negotiated by the local unions and the school boards. The local union leaders however focus the balance between the competing interests as well as the obligations. This is mainly establish on the concern and the priorities of their members in the union to the state pressures as well as the affiliates at the national level.These union leaders confirm the agenda of the union and in addition, they advocate for the expand agenda of the teachers profession. They also advocate for communal bargaini ng and management of the contract. (Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997). Many schools are facing the problem of failed school follow issues. This is mainly in the mid-sized hobnailed schools districts. This leads to the organization of the school to hold school bond elections. The strategic images of the schools mirror numerous of the recommendations for successful bond referendums.This leads to the illustration of why many schools pass the bond issues with a unique support from the community. However, findings from one school cannot match with the concerns that are available in all the communities. (Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997). If the funding is not secured, the leaders of the schools should be provided with voter input from the rural school districts. This will be a successful effort to overcome the problem of unsecured funding. The school demonstrates that it complies with designation IX done the continued efforts to add new sporting activities for women.The school also ensures tha t it has met the proportionality required by having a balance between the male and female students winning part in the sporting activities. This is in relation to the general population of the school. The school also ensures that nit has met the interests and the abilities of their female counter parts. To change the school compliance to the Title IX, a survey could be conducted that would help to measure the students interests and the abilities. (Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997).The steps taken to learn the parameters in a state would include acquiring a strong suit like reading as it will provide the teacher with a competitive edge in the job. Also one has to be flexible in order to fix the needs of the students. The teacher should have a daily plan but should be flexible as much as practicable in order to make adjustments where possible. Having a rigid plan may not be easy to be adapted in a divers(prenominal) class. A balance should be maintained between the individual instructio n and the whole class instruction.More to this, one should consider joining a lord association and also to obtain advanced credentials to understand the laws well. (Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997). The benefits and drawbacks of relying on digital communication to send in ricochetation to board members, the community members and the school ply is that it enables effective communication to take place as one must have effective skills to express him not only in the paper and the drop a line but also through other means such as audio and video.It is also possible to analyze data as one chooses the data that is available on the web based format as well as in other electronic formats. However this may be challenging when it comes to problem solving as the people have to know how they can apply what they know and what they can to new situations in the on line communication. in that respect are many risks in the use of digital communication that may affect the quality of communication in t he 21st century. These are mainly based on the security and safety of the communication. Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997). The teachers have to be active in providing the students with protection against contagious infections. This could be achieved by providing a safe environment. The teachers therefore have to be concerned about the safety and health of their students. These includes bullying whereby some students especially those with disabilities will be targeted by others. (Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997). This may be in form of aggression, abuses, use of threats or psychological abuse.In addition, the students have to be protected against homophobia. Other protection may be in riding in the school buses, cyber cafe protection having video surveillance in the schools among others. The relationship between the schools and the local police and other departments is that each works independently and there is no cooperation in undertaking their functions in the community. Helping the student s learn and improving the quality of education is one of the main priorities of many school districts.This can only be achieved by having an effective working relationship. (Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997). This mainly begins by having a clear commitment that will help to discover the communitys assets and capabilities. This relationship requires the cooperation of the schools with many sectors. This process involves public inquiry and the community members who participate in the inquiry increases the quality of beliefs, ideas and actions that develops. The school should ensure that it has a written and prevention and mitigation plan.This plan consists of the strategies to keep bad things from happening in the school and it clearly outlines how the impacts of the negative impacts that could not be avoided be minimized or mitigated. The school should also have preparedness plan to help the students and the teachers to respond to some forms of crisis. To ensure the safety of the students at security crisis, various measures could be put in place which includes elevator adequate money for the management of the security department involves evaluating and updating the school safety plan as often as possible.The school staff should discover trainings regularly on how to ensure that the students are safe. The school should develop an efficient safety plan for the students and include a security consultant if necessary when invention the school safety plan. The school can also partner with the law enforcers to identify possible threats that could pose security concerns to the students. Therefore security hazard compendium would be vital. (Dimmock and Donoghue, 1997).

Thelma and Louise – the Analysis

THELMA AND LOUISE In the opening pictorial matter, Louise is serving coffee at her diner and advices her customers against weed as it kills ones sex drive. This can be seen as a fertilization symbol. The movie starts with two best friends, Thelma and Louise, planning a street trip. It is given how condescending and inconsiderate Thelmas husband Daryl is. Thelma decides against telling him ab out the trip. Louise arrives at Thelmas in a light blue 1966 Thunderbird convertible. The fact that the car is a convertible works slightly to their advantage at one blossom in the future. Thelma carries her gun.This shows how insecure and paranoid she is. Thelma is very excited almost the trip. Louise, however, is composed and indifferent. Soon, Thelma insists that they occlusion at a bar and Louise, subsequently some persuasion, agrees to make a quick offend. A man named Harlan flirts with them. Thelma dances with Harlan. She starts to feel unwell and goes outside with Harlan. Harlan attempts to rape Thelma. Louise reaches on that point in time, holding Thelmas gun to Harlans head. Just when Thelma and Louise turn around to leave Harlan starts saying offensive things to them. This makes Louise very angry and she shoots him.They flee from the scene of crime. Louise blames Thelma and this makes Thelma upset. Meanwhile, a detective named Hal Slocumb starts the investigation of the murder. Louise calls her boyfriend Jimmy and asks him to wire $6,700 to her. Thelma meets young and handsome guy called JD who asks for a ride. Louise decides that she wants to escape to Mexico but she doesnt want to go with Texas to get there. They meet JD again and decide to give him a ride. They arrive in Oklahoma City to pick up the money and sire Jimmy waiting for them. Jimmy proposes to Louise.Meanwhile, with the money in her room, Thelma has a wonderful sexual experience with JD. This is a fertilization symbol. In the morning, however, JD steals the money and takes off. Till thi s point we find Thelma vulnerable, passive, immature and irresponsible, doing what Louise asks her to do. But when Louise breaks down and is on the verge of giving up, Thelma takes charge. From this point on we see Thelma grow as a character and show her strong and responsible side. Thelma robs a convenient store. From this point on they argon more relaxed and jovial. It almost feels like they are having fun.They meet a sexist hand truck driver. He makes gestures with his tongue. This can be seen as a yonic symbol. He also makes hand gestures which suggest masturbation. This can be seen as a phallic symbol. Thelma figures out as to what happened to Louise in Texas. They meet the sexist truck driver again. They lure him to a deserted place and ask him to apologize for his behaviour. When he refuses to do so, they set gage up his truck. The police find them. After a long car chase they arrive near a small underpass. Thelma and Louises car passes through the underpass as they are driv ing a convertible.The police cars cant pass through. They reach the Grand Canyon and are soon touch by the cops. Louise doesnt want to give up and Thelma suggests that they drive off the cliff. They kiss and Louise steps on the gas. Hal runs behind the car in an attempt to stop it. In the closing scene, Thelma and Louise hold hands and the car flies off the cliff. Analysis It is not known exactly as to what happened to Louise in Texas. All we are sure of is that she was raped in Texas. Its not clear whether she filed charges and if there was a trial. But it is understood that whoever raped her got away with it.This explains why she loses her cool when Harlan is unapologetic and starts abusing her verbally after trying to rape Thelma. During the course of the movie we see that Louise knows a lot closely the law. It is rare for someone to know so oft about how the justice system works unless they have undergone a trial. Later on in the movie Detective Hal tells her on the phone tha t he knows about the incident in Texas. He couldnt have known about it unless charges were filed. It is possible that Jimmy told him but its highly unlikely that Jimmy knew about it considering how secretive and clammed up Louise is.This suggests that there was a trial and clearly Louise was denied justice due to the loopholes in the system. This explains why she doesnt trust the cops and decides against going to the police after the shooting even though Thelma suggests it. Knowing what exactly happened to Louise could have made the movie slightly better. Thelmas life story is known to the viewers and that helps to bear on with her. Louises character on the other hand is kind of mysterious. Only her current status is known. This makes it a little hard to completely understand her and impute with her.It would be unlike Louise to tell Thelma or anyone else about Texas since she is tight-lipped and obviously still disturbed by it. But the film makers could have shown it as Louises f und flashback or a nightmare to make it easier for the viewers to sympathize with her more than they already do. The intention of the movie is to show how anti-feminist the society is and how the justice system back then and maybe even today fails to protect the women. The message is loud and clear. Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned. Or worse, two women scorned.

The Business Value of Information Systems. Case Study: Amazon.Com

THE BUSINESS VALUE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS CASE STUDY AMAZON Isabel Maria Arroyo Moreno dividing line concern organisation study Technology Module BSc Business wariness with HR Greenwich School of Management, University of Plymouth (London) Submission date 8th December 2011 Word count 2. 776 Table of limit Executive Summary4 The Business apprise of learning corpses5 Introduction5 Business apprize of tuition5 Business education Management by Information Systems6 The Value of Information Systems6 Customer blood Management (CRM) Systems6Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems7 Supply train Management (SCM) Systems8 Information Systems and the Changing Business Environment8 virago. com Information Systems10 Introduction10 virago. coms Information Systems Value10 viragos Customer Relations Management (CRM) system11 CRM System Business Value11 amazons Enterprise Resource Management (ERP) System Value13 Amazon. coms Supply Chain Management (SCM) system13 Amazon. coms SCM s ystem Value13 Amazon IS and the external changing environment . 5 Conclusion 16 ? Executive Summary Business breeding management requires the intention of information systems, which raise possible the conversion of data into multipurpose information to be used by decision makers in organisations (Chaffey, 2004) The acquisition and further deployment of much(prenominal) systems requires organisations to make expensive investments prior to know whether they argon going to produce the desired business improvements.Therefore, delivering harbor for money from information systems investments has be go down a very serious issue for many organisations. There argon several examples in both the private and public sector of expensive failures, but there are fewer published slicknesss of success (Ward, 2006) The purpose of the present paper is to explain how added business value emerges from the use of information systems. The paper begins with a review of the related to literature and then, it takes a practical approach through a case study analysis which intends to set out the value of information systems to a boffo organisation much(prenominal) as Amazon.Therefore, the case study will illustrate how different information systems have changed Amazon to achieve a real militant advantage by improving its marketing techniques and the efficiency of its distribution channels in a time in which the fast development of technologies have come to redefine the commerce model within the sell industry. Indeed, the use of meshwork has changed the way in which people acquire goods and table services, and nowadays there is a inviolable shift towards online shopping that is forcing retailers to go onto the crystallize if they want to remain matched.In this regards, Amazon has been a pioneer in using information systems to counter changes in the retail industry environment, and in addition, it rears the perfect example of how a order groundwork obtain value for mo ney from information system investments. ? The Business Value of Information Systems Introduction Business information management is essential to organisations in order to support strategic decisions. Information adds value to organisations as it al paltrys improving mathematical ingatherings and services, lessen business costs and developing spic-and-span innovations.Information systems are used in order to manage business information in such a way that bothows organisations to increase profitability, to improve productivity and to gain other intangible benefits with the objective of achieving sustainable competitive advantage and social club success. In addition, the use of information systems allow organisations to adapt to external changes in the business environment, otherwise they could not remain competitive. Business Value of InformationInformation management is essential to businesses in order to support surgical operational processes, organisational performance, an d strategic decisions affecting their position in the market place. check to Marchand (2000) information can create value for organisations by Adding value to products and services through a better understanding of guest characteristics and needs, as client activities are monitored to develop competitive strategies. Reducing costs and making business processes and operations more efficient, as information enables organisations to use fewer resources and to improve talk. Supporting organisational strategic decisions and succoring with risk management judgement Enabling innovations and new product and service developments (Chaffey, 2004 Oestreich, 2010) Business Information Management through Information SystemsBusiness information management involves the use of information systems (IS) which, according to the UK Academy for IS, are the means by which organisations and people, using information technologies resources, gather, process, store, use and disseminate information. (www. ukais. org Chaffey, 2004) Therefore, IS are computer based systems that collect, process and stores data, making possible its conversion into useful management information data mining process- to be used by decision makers within organisations. (Davis & Olson, 1985 Lucas, 1990 McLeod, 1995 cited by Ramesh, 1997).The Value of Information Systems During the 1990s, there was a big(p) argument about the historical value delivered by expensive organisational investments on IT and IS, as studies found out that there was weak correlation between IS investments and increase business performance (Solow, 1987 Brynjolfsoon, 1993 Strassman, 1997 cited by Dans, 2003 Chaffey, 2004) However, studies by Delone and McLean (1992, 2003) and by Jacks (2009) demonstrated the importance of IS to the creation of business value and competitive advantage. Jacks, 2011) According to Jacks (2011) IS make organisations successful by either Increasing profitability gross revenue growth, gain, ROI, reduced co sts, market share increase. Increasing productivity business process outcomes, operational efficiency, service performance Intangible benefits customer satisfaction and trueheartedty, industry performance, quality improvement. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) SystemsCRM systems are intended to build and sustain long-term business relationships with customers of an organisation. Organisations may increase their profitability if they can retain customers and sell additional products to them. Research by Reicheld and Schefter (2000) showed that by retaining 5% more customers, online companies can increase their profits by 25% to 95%. (Chaffey, 2004) Consequently, CRM systems focus on the activities aimed to market products and services to customers in a more efficient way.By understanding customer characteristics and needs, organisations can elaborate tailored marketing campaigns to acquire, retain, extend and select potential customers, which ultimately will translate into incr eased sales and organisational profitability (Steinberg, 2006 Chaffey, 2004 Lee-Kelly, 2003) Table 4 selling activities of CRM CRM marketing activitiesObjectiveInformation based marketing techniques Customer acquisitionGain new customersTailored marketing communication Customer retentionEncourage repeated purchasesPersonalized/tailored ommunications Customer extensionUp-sell (more expensive products) Cross-sell (additional products) Personalised/tailored communication Customer selectionIdentify the most responsive groups of customersDatabase analysis and modelling Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems ERP systems integrate all departments and functions across an organisation, thus eliminating IS isolation in departments such as finance, HR, marketing and the warehouse, and replacing them with a single system where all important information is connected together (Wailgum, 2008 Steinberg, 2006).ERP systems add value to organisations by consolidation customer order information ERP systems integrate order information, product shipment and invoices in one single system, enabling organisations to improve order tracking, and to coordinate gestate-taking and shipment among different locations simultaneously. Therefore, the order process swiftnesss faster through the organisational departments, and customers get their orders faster and with fewer mistakes. Reducing inventories ERP systems streamline the order fulfilment process and friend with the delivery process, thus improving the flow of the organisations supply chain. Wailgum, 2008 Steinberg, 2006) Supply Chain Management (SCM) Systems SCM systems coordinate all supply activities of a company such as supply and distribution network, logistic activities and inventory management and these add value to an organisation by (Gabe, 2010 Chaffey, 2004) Increasing process efficiency SCM systems help to reduce the cycle time of business processes and the resources needed to execute them, thus reducing costs per order. Reducing supply chains complexity SCM systems enable organisations to order directly from suppliers, thus reducing the costs of distribution. Improving data integration within the supply chain SCM systems enable information sharing on product ingest between the organisation and its suppliers, which improves inventory management efficiency through the use of VMI (vendor-managed inventory). The benefits include reduced cost of paper processing and disgrace inventory holdings. Reducing costs SCM systems enables organisation to outsource certain assets, to lower costs through price competition and to offer better service quality. (Steinberg, 2006 Chaffey, 2004) Information Systems and the Changing Business EnvironmentThe environmental influences on any organisation change rapidly, and therefore it is important to continuously monitor the current environment and to anticipate future trends through environmental scanning or sensing activities, in order to respond to changes accor dingly. Organisations that either do not monitor environmental factors or do not respond to changes adequately may lose competitiveness or even incur in failure. As example, IS managers need to constantly assess the relevance of new technologies and to monitor technology trends and innovations in order to remain competitive. (Chaffey, 2004). ? Amazon Information SystemsIntroduction Amazon is the biggest online retailer in world, although many exact that it is more a leading software developer or information systems company with a little pick, pack and ship service (Hof, 2003). This world-class retailer, which began doing business as an online bookseller in the mid 90s, has changed with the time and currently it offers its customers a wide variety of products such as electronics, clothes, beauty products, and so on. In addition, Amazon operates as a service provider allowing other retailers to sell on its site and it also commercializes cloud storage services and its own tablet post -PC gimmick Kindle-. Businessweek, 2003 Hof, 2003 Jenkinson, 2005) Therefore, Amazon has lead the Nets premier shopping destination in 2011, and data, information technology and information systems constitute its most valuable assets. (Manjoo, 2011). Amazons Information Systems Value Between 2001 and 2003, Amazon invested $300,000 into edifice new distribution centres and acquiring information systems software. However, experts hardly criticised the company asserting that it would never recover the investment, (Gabe, 2010) and even monetary analysts such as Lehman and Brothers expressed concerns over its cash flow situation. Foley, 2000) Although it took Amazon long time to become profitable, additional revenues rose once the company got full customers and sales to pay off the initial IS investments, and their bet for information systems technology enabled the company to overcome competitors such as Barnes and Nobles in the 90s and more recently Wal-Mart Stores Inc (Hof, 2003 Ga be, 2010). Amazon uses information systems to improve profitability faster and its current financial situation, strategic position, market share, and intangible benefits give evidence of that the companys IT and IS strategies worked as expected.According to Hottovys report (2011) Amazon doubled in size from 2008 to 2011 with $34 billion in net sales and its current revenue growth is windup to 40%. The company has a valuation of $325 per share and generates return on invested capital exceeding the 50% note that Amazon invests mainly in IT and IS technologies . Moreover, it has an bustling customer base of 137 million users that accounts for an annual growth rate of 20%.All in all, Amazon has one of the most capital efficient-models in e-commerce and its low cost operations, network effect and focus in customer service provide the company sustainable competitive advantage (Hottovy, 2011). Amazon uses ERP, SCM and CRM information systems. illusionist (ERP) built a multi-terabyte da tabase for the company, while SCM software was acquired to control costs and to improve shipping and logistics efficiency. In addition, Amazons CRM system intends to work up e-marketing efforts through the analysis of customers preferences and the provision of products for specific segments (Foley, 2000).Amazons Customer Relations Management (CRM) system Amazons CRM system uses the side by side(p) applications to gather customer information A database of customers with personal, profile and transactional data which include their purchase history and activities An order processing system that includes the record of credit mentality information and is linked to a delivery system A web-page system that takes customer information such as customer feedback, personal interests, wish careen and product review records, and customises formats. Automated communication ystems e-mail and message systems and order information systems that ensure personalised and relevant communication with cu stomers (Hof, 2003 Jenkinson, 2005 Hottovy, 2011) CRM System Business Value Amazons CRM system creates business value through integrating customer sales, services and communications effectively (Jenkinson, 2005 Manjoon, 2011) In order to detect patterns of consumer behaviour, customer information is analysed by data mining experts using statistical CRM and artificial intelligence (SAS) software while collaborative filtering technology automatically analyzes past customer purchases.The analysis provides processed information that serves to elaborate profiles of customer individual interests, which enables Amazon to send them tailored product recommendations in order to increase product sales (Foley, 2000 Hof, 2003 Jenkinson, 2005). In addition, CRM data mining activities also compare individual profiles to other customer profiles and bring them together into similar groups. As result, the company has taken traditionalistic campaign techniques and move into faster campaigns to target different customer segments more effectively.Thus, Amazon has the ability either to launch broad campaigns to millions of customers, or more focused campaigns to a few thousands and tailored recommendations to individuals, due to a better understanding of customer characteristics and needs (Foley, 2000 Hof, 2003). Summarizing, Amazons CRM system combine advertising, service and selling to acquire customers in order to encourage repeated purchases through cross selling and up selling tailored marketing techniques. Jenkinson, 2005) As a result, Amazon has achieved high levels of customer commitment and loyalty. Research by Millward Brown (BrandZ study) showed that 54% of US buyers are loyal to the company, as compared with a 10% of the industry fair(a) while a 67% of its orders are from repeated customers. Moreover, Amazon customers are more likely to buy at a higher rate than loyal customers across the category, as 40% of Amazon customers are frequent users compared to an 8% of th e average category (Jenkinson, 2005). ?Amazons Enterprise Resource Management (ERP) System Value Oracle is the ERP system used by Amazon and it consists of a multi-terabyte database that integrates all the information related to customer orders such as purchase history, product shipment and invoices, thus enabling to streamline the order fulfilment process (Wailgum, 2008) Oracle automates the steps of this process by taking customer orders and process them into invoices, so when a customer comes online to buy a product the order system communicates directly with the warehouse system to find the adequate distribution centre, while customers obtain communications about their purchase status and delivery times (Bacheldor, 2004) The company recognises that without this system it would be very difficult to coordinate and control the flow of merchandise in their business operations (Bell, 2011). Such integration of information creates business value by allowing Amazon to speed faster the order fulfilment process, as well as to improve visibility of order tracking and to reduce distribution mistakes. In fact, the company has reduced its customer service contacts per order by 50% since 1999 due to fewer distribution mistakes (Businessweek, 2003). Amazons Supply Chain Management (SCM) system Back in 2000, Amazon. om made expensive IS investments into building its high quality automated warehouses, and nowadays their supply chain is one of the most efficient and sophisticated in the world (Jenkinson, 2004 Businessweek, 2003, Gabe, 2010). A CRM system controls all supply chain activities of Amazon, such as transportation management, shipping activities and inventory planning, with the aim of reducing operational costs and optimizing logistic operations (Gabe, 2010) Amazons SCM system Value In 2000, Amazons operational costs accounted for about a 15% of sales revenue because the process of picking and backpacking different products was not very efficient. Employees had to enter data into the system manually and chutes holding pending orders were backed up when products did not arrive on time. (Businessweek, 2003)Nowadays, the carrying out of a SCM system has enabled Amazon to reduce the cycle time and the resources needed to complete its operational processes, thus making them more efficient. The SCM system examines Amazons customer demand to identify items that are often purchased together in order to place them at the front of the supply lines, thus enabling to speed faster the process flow (Businessweek, 2003) The SCM system also allows to find where the items are physically located, so after receiving an order the system will send a picker where the product is shelved. In the case of multi-orders, the system generates optimised pick lists, finding the shortest possible route for picking the product. (Gilmour, 2003).As a result, Amazons operation costs fell down from 15% of total sales revenue in 2000 to a 5% in 2003, and lower costs have enab led the company to offer more product discounts and free shipping in orders over $25 (Businessweek, 2003). Moreover, Amazons CRM system enables information sharing on product demand between the company and its suppliers, which improves inventory management efficiency. Amazons CRM system is linked to its suppliers IS in order to share information in real time about orders and shipment. Thus, Amazon can hold lower levels of inventory stock in warehouses as it receives goods from its suppliers only when needed and accordingly to customer demand levels. Hof, 2003 Foley, 2000) Thanks to the CRM system, Amazon reduces costs by carrying only a 15 days worth of inventory while traditional retailers must stock up to 160 days worth of inventory in their warehouses (Hof, 2003). In addition, information systems integration between suppliers and Amazon enables customers to buy goods directly from suppliers. The company out front orders to its suppliers which get the product to customers directl y therefore the complexity of the supply chain and costs of distribution get reduced. (Knowledge Wharton, 2009). Amazons IS and the changing external environment. Information systems have provided Amazon with competitive advantage since it as been able to adapt its business model better than its competitors to the changes that the retail industry has experienced during the past decennary such as the shift towards online shopping due to a more widespread use of Internet (Manjoo, 2011) Thus, Amazon forced traditional retailers to go onto the Net in the 90s (Hof, 2003), while nowadays, it has the best record with new products -as they are constantly monitoring environmental changes- and their web services, cloud computing services and Kindle device are true innovations that have changed the rest of the industry (Manjoo, 2011) ? Conclusion This paper demonstrates the importance of information management and information systems to the creation of organisational business value and compet itive advantage.According to Jacks, information systems contribute to organisational success by increasing profitability and productivity, and providing other intangible benefits such as customer loyalty. Subsequently, Amazons case study illustrates the perfect example of how an organisation obtains value for money of their information systems investments. The effective use of information systems has allowed the company to improve the efficiency of its distribution channels, to provide cost effective convenient products to its customers and to achieve the highest levels of customer retention and loyalty within the e-retail industry, which ultimately has helped Amazon to increase profitability and to achieve a solid financial position.In addition, information systems have provided the company with notorious competitive advantage over their competitors since it has been able to better adapt its business model to the changes that the retail industry has experienced during the past deca de, such as the shift towards online shopping due to a more widespread use of Internet. ? REFERENCE LIST Books and journals 1. Bausch, P. (2003) Amazon Hacks 100 Industrial-Strength Tips and Tools (1st Edition) ORelly. USA 2. Chaffey, D. et al (2004) Business Information Management Improving Performance using Information Systems (1st Edition) Prentice Hall Pearson Education. England 3. Hottovy, R. (2011) Amazon. com AMZN hare Stock Focus Morningstar StockInvestor Vol. 11 Iss 2 pp. -9 Online Available at http//web. ebscohost. com/bsi/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=d0f8a490-3601-4df8-b033-0d48d0b16c5a%40sessionmgr113&vid=11&hid=8 Accessed on 18/11/2011 4. Jacks, T. et al (2011) A Framework for the furbish up of IS on Organizational Performance. Business Process Manager Journal Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 846-870 Online Emerald Group Publishing. Available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1463-7154. htm Accessed 18/11/2011 5. Lee-Kelley, L. et al (2003) How e-CRM can enhance customer loyalty Marketing In telligence and Planning Jounal Vol. 21 Iss 4, pp. 239-248 Online Available at http//colinwatsonleeds. co. uk/RMarticles/LEEKeeley. df Accessed on 18/11/2011 6. Melville N. et al (2004) Information Technology and Organisational Performance An Integrative Model of IT Business Value. MIS Quarterly & The Society for Information Management Vol. 28 Iss n. 2, January, pp. 283-322 Online Available at http//www. misq. org/review-information-technology-and-organizational-performance-an-integrative-model-of-it-business-value. htmlAccessed 18/11/2011 7. Oestreich, T. (2010) The Value of Information Journal of Management Excelence Issue 9, June 2010. Oracle Online Available from http//www. oracle. com/us/solutions/thoughtleadership/journal-mgmt-excellence-june-2010-116920. df Accessed on 12/11/2011 Publications 8. Bacheldor, B. (2004) From Scratch Amazon Keeps Supply Chain Close to Home Informationweek Online Available from http//www. executivemanagementskills. com/pdf/amazon. pdf Accessed on 11 /11/2011 9. Businessweek (2003) Reprogramming Amazon Bloomberg Businessweek December 23th Online Available at http//www. businessweek. com/clip/content/03_51/b3863115_mz063. htm Accessed on 18/11/2011 10. Dans, E. (2003) IT Does Matter. European Business Forum Online Available at http//profesores. ie. edu/enrique_dans/download/IT%20Does%20Matter%20-%20EBF. pdf Accessed on 18/11/2011 11. Foley, J. 2000) Amazons IT Agenda Informationweek. com News, November 6th Online Available at http//www. informationweek. com/811/amazon. htm Accessed on 18/11/2011 12. Gabe, M. (2010) Lessons in Distribution Mortgage Banking Online Available at http//www. allbusiness. com/banking-finance/banking-lending-credit-services-mortgage/14266140-1. html Accessed on 18/11/2011 13. Gilmour, K. (2003) Amazon Warehouse Internet Magazine, Sept. 2003 Online Available from http//www. kimgilmour. com/articles/archive/amazon_warehouse. html Accessed on 14/11/2011 14. Hof, R. (2003) Amazon. com The Wild World of e-co mmerce Business Week Archives Online Available at http//www. usinessweek. com/1998/50/b3608001. htm Accessed on 18/11/2011 15. Jenkinson, A. (2005) Amazon Bounding Customers with Integrated Service Centre for Integrated Marketing, University of Luton Online Available at http//www. centreforintegratedmarketing. com/gfx/documents/amazon_bonding_customers_with_integrated_service. pdf Accessed on 18/11/2011 16. Knowledge Wharton (2009) Fit for the Holidays Amazon is Shaping Up and Shipping Out. emailprotected Online Available from http//knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/articlepdf/2382. pdf? CFID=172480957&CFTOKEN=80041908&jsessionid=a8305ac77adc802c10107e653f5a2f715b56 Accessed on 14/11/2011 7. Manjoo, F. (2011) The Great Tech War of 2012 Fastcompany October 19th Online Available at http//www. fastcompany. com/magazine/160/tech-wars-2012-amazon-apple-google-facebook Accessed on 18/11/2011 18. Ray, R. (2010) True CRM It is Beyond Technology Smallbiztechnology, June 29th Online Available at http//smallbiztechnology. com/archive/2010/06/true-crm-its-beyond-technology. html/ Accessed 18/11/2011 19. Ramesh, A. et al (1997) Establishing a management information system FAO Corporate document Repository. Online Available at http//www. fao. org/docrep/W5830E/w5830e0k. htm Accessed on 10/11/2011 20. Steinberg, M. 2006) Enterprise Applications A Conceptual manner at ERP, CRM and SCM Hill Associates Inc. Online Available at http//www. hill. com/resources/whitepapers/enterprise_apps. pdf Accessed on 18/11/2011 21. Ward, J. (2006) Delivering Value from Information Systems and Technology Investments Learning from success. Online Available at http//www. som. cranfield. ac. uk/som/dinamic-content/ explore/documents/deliveringvaluereport. pdf Accessed on 12/11/2011 22. Wailgum, T. et al (2008) ERP Definition and Solutions Cio. com Online Available from http//www. cio. com/article/40323/ERP_Definition_and_Solutions Accessed on 16/11/2011

Justify the Need for Keeping Records and Describe the Types of Records You Would Maintain Essay

In this essay I would look at the subscribe to for record retentivity and describe the types of records I would maintain as a teacher. Predominantly there are normally three reasons for containing records namely for health and Safety reasons which may also be a legal requirement. Secondly for the teaching purpose so the teacher knows what the disciple has d unity and what there progress is. Thirdly for auditing and pure tone standards reasons which may mean the organization may need to satisfy external agencies who may have financial and quality interests (Watts 2008 online). To understand the type of records we need to keep we need to look at the learners journey through the course.The learner would normally join a course after being recommended or seeing some sort of marketing material. Here the justification to the organization of keeping a record of how a student joined so the college or training company could focus their marketing activity to those areas which are more suc cessful.After this process normally the learner would attend an induction programme where the entropy and Guidance forms would be filled in as well as the initial enrolment forms. Normally, at this stage the full structure of the course and the conterminous steps would be discussed for progression on to other courses.Then the initial assessment would be done to see at what level the learners are at so if there is a need to give more supervision then that could be addressed at this stage or it could run couple to the course. The diagnostic assessment would also be carried out at this stage to identify the strengths and weaknesses and highlight any skills gaps.The outcome of the above assessments would then become the basis on which you would develop the Individual Learning Plan (ILP) for the learner, which will set out the learner plan to learn, the resources required and the timetable for the learning to occur. At this stage one has to remember that the teaching and learning of the course has not necessarily started yet this paperwork is normally filled out to meet funding, quality and legislative requirements.So the need for these records to be kept and filled out accurately may mean the difference in the teacher being able to deliver the course to that student or an extreme scenario of the college being closed to all students due to the quality of the records not being up to scratch. At the end of the day as Gravells (200810) mentions if you evoket deliver the session if there are good records which you have kept somebody else could deliver the session with minimum disruption occurring. This can altogether happen if records relating to the session plans and other documentation to deliver the course are at hand and can be accessed as well as the interpret to show the learner attended the sessions.

Should tattoos be accepted in the workplace?

People say perception is everything. Potential employers judge people based on physical appearance, as do peers, potential mates, and clients. Tattoos be a big issue concerning how people judge appearance. While they can be offensive to coworkers and customers, tattoos should non be judged in the workplace beca routine they atomic number 18 a way of expressing yourself, or your culture. The tattooing craze spread to upper classes all over Europe in the nineteenth century. (Global Oneness). Some feel tattoos were made for acupuncture relieving throe from joints.Other ideas range from social status and ritual home runs to tribal marks or simple preference. Tattooing has been practiced worldwide. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, traditionally wore facial tattoos. Today unity can find Berbers of Tamazgha of North Africa, Maori of New Zealand, and Atayal of Taiwan with facial tattoos. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples and among certain tribal groups in the Taiwan, Philippines, Borneo, Mentawai Islands, Africa, North America, South America, Mesoamerica, Europe, Japan,Cambodia, New Zealand and Micronesia.Despite approximately taboos surrounding tattooing, the art continues to be popular in many parts of the world. (Tattoos, 2009) Taking their sartorial lead from the British Court, where King Edward VII followed King George Vs lead in getting tattooed King Frederik IX of Denmark, the King of Romania, Kaiser Wilhelm II, King Alexandar of Yugoslavia and even Czar Nicholas of Russia, all sported tattoos, many of them elaborate and ornate renditions of the Royal Coat of harness or the Royal Family Crest. King Alfonso of modern Spain also has a tattoo. (Global Oneness). In present-day society, tattoos are becoming more common.In the USA many prisoners and criminal gangs use distinctive tattoos to indicate facts about their criminal bearing, prison sentences, and organizational affiliation. (Global Oneness). Body Art is a form of communi cation that is as old as the benevolent race itself. Cultures around the world have used tattoos for religious, social, and spiritual reasons playing a significant role in setting a cultures morals and behavior patterns. However, many people used to associate the Bible, which states Do not cut your bodies for the dead or put tattoo marks on yourselves. I am the LORD. (Leviticus 1927-29, Bible). Some religious beliefs are slightly various. For example, the fundamentalist Christians believe that one should not have tattoos because they are a pagan practice. Catholics however, believe marking yourself with tattoos is a personal choice open for personal interpretation. In the Jewish faith, marking ones clay with tattoos has been thought to be such a desecration of the body that often times a tattooed individual could be denied burial in a Jewish cemetery. People tend to judge other(a)s by what the Bible has instructed us to believe.Tattoos are a way of expressing yourself individua lly. They are gulln on entertainers, athletes and public figures. Author Jack London writes, Show me a man with a tattoo and Ill make you a man with an interesting past. Peggy Burke, dean of education and graduate studies, said tattoos can have a devastating effect on job opportunities in the education field. She also states, Schools are extremely conservative institutions, and most parents consider teachers to be role models for their children, she wrote in an e-mail.Anything the school administrator views as a astonishment in the classroom is very likely a negative factor. As we move past our school long time, we tend to timber at role models in different views. Most forget their teachers and look for others as a role model. More than half the military members, athletes, and entertainers have tattoos. So the question is, why do people view them differently concerning tattoos? If teachers are considered role models, why should they be judged on their appearances when they ten d to have the same look as military members, athletes, and entertainers.Coworkers and customers see tattoos in different ways when dealing with business. Tattoos are much more acceptable in the gym than in the office. When dealing with stocks and bonds or selling significant estate, tattoos might draw people away. Potential clients may be intimidated and lack confidence in your abilities as a professional. Journal of the American academy of Dermatology published in June 2006, about half of people in their 20s have either a tattoo or a body piercing other than traditional earrings.That figure, which is higher than the national average, is growing, said Anne Laumann, the studys co-author and a dermatologist at Northwestern University. Some employers are updating their deck up codes while others are adding new rules to cover up tattoos. The problem that can arise is that the old stereotypes are being challenged and leading to lawsuits. Employers are saying that in 10 years it may ch ange, solely suit-and-tie businesses may not. These types of employers are drawn more to the conservative type of dress codes.Qualifications should speak for themselves. In this day and age people are becoming more used to the ideas rather than relying on the past. When someone looks at you, they are not just looking at appearances anymore. They look at you as a person. Its about whats inside that matters the most. Almost everyone has something to bring to the table. Thats why companies should look past appearances and look at the work done. Working with people with tattoos is no different from working with someone without tattoos.It doesnt make them less qualified. Looks are the first criteria we have to assess a person. We tend to feel comfortable around people who look like us. We believe that possessing tattoos makes someone a mean or dangerous person. The most important reason tattoos should not affect the workplace is because people should not be judged on their appearance but on their quality of work. Companies around the world are now starting to develop a more relaxed dress code for people with tattoos.This will help in getting more qualified people in the company without judging people on appearances but on their qualifications. All around businesses will get smarter and open up more jobs for people in need. Although tattoos can be offensive not and to coworkers but customers as well, tattoos should not affect the workplace for two main reasons. First, tattoos are a way of expressing yourself individually and should not be thought of as degrading ones self. But most importantly, people should not be judged on their appearance but on their quality of work.

Waste Water Treatment Processes Environmental Sciences Essay

Meaning OF WASTE WATER TREATMENTDomestic effluent treatment or sewerage interpellation, is the procedure of taking contaminations from effluent and family sewerage, both overfdepression ( xeroxwaters ) and domestic. It embarrasss physical, chemical, and biologic procedures to take physical, chemical and biological contaminations. Its aim is to bring forth an environment all in ally-safe liquid waste watercourse ( or treated wastewater ) and a unscathed waste ( or treated easy lay ) suitable for disposal or re manipulation ( unremarkably as farm fertiliser ) . Using advanced engineering it is now possible to re-use sewerage wastewater for take in H2O, although Singapore is the lone subject to implement such(prenominal) engineering on a turnout graduated table in its production of NEWater.1.2 ORIGIN OF WASTE WATERSewage is created by residential, institutional, and commercial and industrial constitutions and holds family waste liquid from lavatories, baths, showers, kitch ens, sinks and so forth that is disposed of via cloacas. In galore(postnominal) countries, sewerage alike includes liquid waste from industry and commercialism. The legal separation and draining of family waste into greywater and blackwater is going to a greater extent harsh in the developed universe, with greywater being permitted to be employ for irrigating works or recycled for blushing lavatories.Sewage whitethorn include impelwater overf pathetic. Sewage systems capable of managing stormwater be known as combined systems. Combined sewer systems atomic number 18 normally avoided now because precipitation causes widely changing flows truncated downing sewerage interposition works efficiency. Combined cloacas require much larger, more(prenominal) expensive, intercession installations than healthful cloacas. Heavy storm overflow whitethorn defeat the sewerage discussion system, doing a spill or flood. Sanitary cloacas are ordinaryly much smaller than combined cloa cas, and they are non designed to transport stormwater. Backups of lifelike sewerage bunghole happen if excessive Infiltration/Inflow is allowed into a healthful cloaca system.Modern sewered developments be given to be provided with separate storm drain systems for rainwater. As rainfall travels over roofs and the land, it may pick up assorted contaminations including dirt atoms and other deposit, heavy metals, perfect compounds, carnal waste, and oil and lubricating oil. ( envision urban overflow. ) Some legal powers require stormwater to have some degree of interference to begin with being discharged straight into waterways. Examples of intervention procedures apply for stormwater include keeping basins, wetlands, buried vaults with assorted sorts of media filters, and vortex centrifuges ( to take harsh solids ) .Chapter TWO2.1 OVERVIEW OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESSESSewage posterior be treated near to where it is created, a decentralized system, ( in infected armour bit vehicles, biofilters or aerophilic intervention systems ) , or be collected and transported via a web of pipes and pump Stationss to a municipal intervention works, a centralized system, ( fall upon sewage and pipes and substructure ) . Sewage aggregation and intervention is typically capable to local, province and federal ordinances and criterions. Industrial beginnings of effluent often require specialised intervention processes as shown in the diagram to a lower placeProcedure Flow Diagramfor a typical intervention works via subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands ( SFCW )Sewage intervention by and large involves three phases, called direct, secondary and trinity intervention.Primary intervention consists of temporarily keeping the sewerage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids erect settle to the blanketside opus oil, lubricating oil and lighter solids float to the surface. The colonised and floating squelchs are removed and the staying liquid may be discharged o r subjected to secondary intervention.Secondary intervention removes dissolved and suspended biological aff crease. Secondary intervention is typically performed by autochthonal, water-borne microorganisms in a managed home ground. Secondary intervention may necessitate a separation procedure to take the microorganisms from the treated H2O prior to dispatch or third intervention.Third intervention is sometimes defined as anything more than aboriginal and secondary intervention in order to let rejection into a extremely crank or delicate ecosystem ( estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs and so on ) . Treated H2O is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically ( for littleon, by lagoons and microfiltration ) prior to dispatch into a watercourse, river, bay, laguna or wetland, or it can be utilize for the irrigation of a golf class, green manner or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can besides be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural intents.2.2 PRE-TREATMENTPre-t reatment removes stuffs that can be easy collected from the lifelike waste H2O before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary intervention clarifiers ( rubbish, tree limbs, foliages, etc. ) .ScreeningThe inflowing sewerage H2O is screened to take all big objects like tins, shreds, sticks, fictile packages etc. carried in the sewerage watercourse. This is virtually normally done with an automated automatically raked saloon screen in moderne workss functioning big populations, whilst in smaller or less modern workss a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical saloon screen is typically paced harmonizing to the accretion on the saloon screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and subsequently disposed in a landfill or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of changing sizes may be used to optimise solids remotion. If gross solids are non removed they become entrained in pipes and traveling parts of the intervention works and can do significant harm and inefficiency in the procedure.GRIT REMOVALPre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the speed of the entrance effluent is adjusted to let the colonisation of sand, grit, rocks, and broken glass. These atoms are removed because they may damage pumps and other equipment. For junior-grade healthful cloaca systems, the grit Chamberss may non be necessary, but grit remotion is desirable at larger workss.FAT AND GREASE REMOVALIn some larger workss, fat and lubricating oil is removed by go throughing the sewerage through a little equip rubbish vehicle where skimmers collect the fat natation on the surface. Air blowers in the base of the fit out combat vehicle may besides be used to assist retrieve the fat as a foam. In most workss n incessantlytheless, fat and lubricating oil remotion takes topographic point in the primary colony armored combat vehicle utilizing mechanical surface skimmers.2.3 PRIMARY TREATMENTIn the primary deposit phas e, sewerage flows through big armored combat vehicles, normally called primary clarifiers or primary deposit armored combat vehicles. The armored combat vehicles are used to settle easy lay while lubricating oil and oils snarf to the surface and are skimmed off. Primary settling armored combat vehicles are normally equipped with automatically goaded scrapers that continually drive the self-contained sludge towards a hopper in the base of the armored combat vehicle where it is pumped to sludge intervention installations. Grease and oil from the drifting stuff can sometimes be recovered for saponification.The dimensions of the armored combat vehicle should be designed to consequence remotion of a noble per centum of the floatables and sludge. A typical deposit armored combat vehicle may take from 60 to 65 per centum of suspended solids, and from 30 to 35 per centum of biochemical O demand ( embodiment ) from the sewerage.2.4 SECONDARY TREATMENTSecondary intervention is design ed to well degrade the biological content of the sewerage which are derived from human waste, nutrient waste, soaps and detergent. The bulk of municipal workss handle the settled sewerage spirits utilizing aerophilic biological procedures. To be effectual, the biology necessitate both O and nutrient to populate. The bacterium and Protozoa consume biodegradable dissoluble organic contaminations ( e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain C molecules, etc. ) and adhere much of the less soluble fractions into floc. Secondary intervention systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems.Fixed-film or affiliated growing systems include dribble filters and revolving biological contactors, where the biomass grows on media and the sewerage passes over its surface.Suspended-growth systems include activated sludge, where the biomass is assorted with the sewerage and can be operated in a smaller infinite than fixed-film systems that treat the same sum of H2O. However, fixed-film systems are more able to get by with drastic alterations in the sum of biological stuff and can supply higher remotion rates for organic stuff and suspended solids than suspended growing systems. 6 11-13Rough ining filters are think to handle peculiarly strong or variable organic tonss, typically industrial, to let them to so be treated by conventional secondary intervention procedures. Features include filters filled with media to which effluent is applied. They are designed to let high hydraulic burden and a high degree of aeration. On larger installings, gentle wind is forced through the media utilizing blowers. The attendant effluent is normally within the normal scope for conventional intervention procedures.A generalised, conventional diagram of an activated sludge procedure.A filter removes a little per centum of the suspended organic social function, while the bulk of the organic affair undergoes a alteration of character, merely due to the biological oxidization and n itrification taking topographic point in the filter. With this aerophilic oxidization and nitrification, the organic solids are converted into coagulated suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and can settle to the underside of a armored combat vehicle. The wastewater of the filter is hence passed through a deposit armored combat vehicle, called a secondary clarifier, secondary cave in armored combat vehicle or humus armored combat vehicle.ACTIVATED SLUDGEIn general, activated sludge workss encompass a assortment of mechanisms and procedures that use dissolved O to advance the growing of biological floc that well removes organic stuff.The procedure traps particulate stuff and can, under ideal conditions, convert ammonium hydroxide to nitrite and treat and finally to nitrogen gas.SURFACE-AERATED BASINS ( LAGOONS )Many little municipal sewerage systems in the United States ( 1 million gal./day or less ) usage aerated lagunas. close to biological oxidization processes for hand ling industrial effluents have in gross the usage of O ( or air ) and microbic action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90 per centum remotion of BOD with keeping times of 1 to 10 yearss. The basins may run in deepness from 1.5 to 5.0 meters and utilize motor-driven aerators drifting on the surface of the effluent.In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two maps they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidization reactions, and they provide the commixture required for scattering the air and for reaching the reactants ( that is, O, effluent and bug ) . typically, the drifting surface aerators are rated to present the sum of air tantamount to 1.8 to 2.7A kilograms OHYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen 2/kWAh. However, they do non supply as good commixture as is usually achieved in activated sludge systems and hence aerated basins do non accomplish the same earth presentation degree as activated sludge units.biologic al oxidization procedures are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 AC and 40 AC, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vass operate at between 4 AC and 32 AC.CONSTRUCTED WETLANDSConstructed wetlands ( can either be surface flow or subsurface flow, horizontal or perpendicular flow ) , include engineered reedbeds and belong to the household of phytorestoration and ecotechnologies they provide a high grade of biological betterment and depending on design, act as a primary, secondary and sometimes third intervention, besides see phytoremediation. One illustration is a little reedbed used to clean the drainage from the elephants enclosure at Chester Zoo in England legion CWs are used to recycle the H2O of the capital of Honfleur in France and legion other towns in Europe, the US, Asia and Australia. They are known to be extremely productive systems as they copy natural wetlands, called the Kidneys of the Earth for their cardinal cycle capacity of the hydrological rhythm in the biosphere. Robust and dependable, their intervention capacities improve as clip spell by, at the antonym of conventional intervention workss whose machinery age with clip. They are being progressively used, although equal and experient design are more cardinal than for other systems and infinite restriction may hinder their usage.FILTER BEDS ( OXIDIZING BEDS )In older workss and those having variable burdens, dribbling filter beds are used where the settled sewerage spirits is spread onto the surface of a bed made up of coke ( carbonized coal ) , limestone arc friess or specially fabricated fictile media. Such media must hold big surface countries to back up the biofilms that form. The spirits is typically distributed through punctured spray weaponries. The distributed spirits drips through the bed and is collected in drains at the base. These drains besides provide a beginning of air which percolates up through the bed, maintaining it a erophilic. Biological movies of bacteriums, Protozoa and fungi signifier on the media s surfaces and eat or otherwise sign down the organic content. This biofilm is much grazed by dirt ball larvae, snails, and worms which help keep an optimum thickness. Overloading of beds increases the thickness of the movie taking to clogging of the filter media and ponding on the surface.SOIL BIO-TECHNOLOGYA sweet procedure called Soil Bio-Technology ( SBT ) developed at IIT Bombay has shown commodious betterments in procedure efficiency enabling entire H2O reuse, due to highly low runing power demands of less than 50 Js per kilogram of treated H2O. Typically SBT systems can accomplish chemical O demand ( COD ) degrees less than 10A mg/L from sewerage input of COD 400A mg/L. SBT workss exhi fighting high decreases in COD values and bacterial counts as a consequence of the really high microbic densenesss available in the media. Unlike conventional intervention workss, SBT workss produce undist inguished sums of sludge, preventing the demand for sludge disposal countries that are required by other engineerings.BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTERSBiological Aerated ( or Anoxic ) Filter ( BAF ) or Biofilters combine filtration with biological C decrease, nitrification or denitrification. BAF normally includes a reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in suspension or back up by a crushed rock bed at the pes of the filter. The double intent of this media is to back up extremely active biomass that is attached to it and to permeate suspended solids. Carbon decrease and ammonium hydroxide transition occurs in aerophilic manner and sometime achieved in a individual reactor while nitrate transition occurs in anoxic manner. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow constellation depending on design specified by maker.Conventional diagram of a typical revolving biological contactor ( red blood cell ) . The treated wastewater clarifier/settler is non included in the diag ram.ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORSRevolving biological contactors ( RBCs ) are mechanical secondary intervention systems, which are robust and capable of defying rushs in organic burden. RBCs were foremost installed in Germany in 1960 and have since been developed and refined into a dependable operating unit. The revolving discs back up the growing of bacteriums and micro-organisms nowadays in the sewerage, which break down and brace organic pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both O to populate and nutrient to turn. Oxygen is obtained from the standard atmosphere as the discs rotate. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the revolving phonograph record in the sewerage. Effluent from the RBC is so passed through concluding clarifiers where the microorganisms in suspension settee as a sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for farther intervention.A functionally similar biologica l filtering system has become popular as portion of place fish tank filtration and purification. The fish tank H2O is drawn up out of the armored combat vehicle and so cascaded over a freely whirling corrugated fiber-mesh wheel before go throughing through a media filter and back into the fish tank. The whirling mesh wheel develops a biofilm coating of micro-organisms that feed on the suspended wastes in the fish tank H2O and are besides exposed to the ambiance as the wheel rotates. This is particularly good at taking waste.MEMBRANE BIOREACTORSMembrane bioreactors ( MBR ) combine activated sludge intervention with a membrane liquid-solid separation procedure. The membrane constituent uses low force per unit area microfiltration or extremist filtration membranes and eliminates the demand for elucidation and third filtration. The membranes are typically immersed in the aeration armored combat vehicle nevertheless, some applications utilize a separate membrane armored combat vehicle. One of the cardinal benefits of an MBR system is that it efficaciously overcomes the restrictions associated with hapless remission of sludge in conventional activated sludge ( CAS ) processes. The engineering permits bioreactor operation with well higher assorted spirits suspended solids ( MLSS ) parsimoniousness than CAS systems, which are particular by sludge subsiding. The procedure is typically operated at MLSS in the scope of 8,000-12,000A mg/L, while CAS are operated in the scope of 2,000-3,000A mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration in the MBR procedure allows for really effectual remotion of both soluble and particulate biodegradable stuffs at higher burden rates. Therefore increased sludge keeping times, normally transcending 15 yearss, guarantee complete nitrification even in highly cold conditions.SECONDARY SEDIMENTATIONThe concluding measure in the secondary intervention phase is to settle out the biological floc or filter stuff through a secondary clarifier and to bring forth sewage H2O incorporating low degrees of organic stuff and suspended affair.TERTIARY TREATMENTThe intent of third intervention is to supply a concluding intervention phase to raise the outflowing quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment ( sea, river, lake, land, etc. ) . More than one third intervention procedure may be used at any intervention works. If disinfection is practiced, it is ever the concluding procedure. It is besides called outflowing shining. FiltrationSand filtration removes much of the residuary suspended affair. Filtration over activated C, besides called C surface assimilation, removes residuary toxins.LAGOONINGLagooning provides colony and farther biological betterment through storage in big semisynthetic pools or lagunas. These lagunas are extremely aerophilic and colonisation by native macrophytes, particularly reeds, is a great deal encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphnia and species of Rotifera greatly assist in intervention by taking all in effect(p) particulates.NUTRIENT REMOVALEffluent may incorporate high degrees of the foods N and P. Excessive release to the environment can take to a physique up of foods, called eutrophication, which can in worm encourage the giantism of weeds, algae, and blue-green algaes ( bluish green algae ) . This may do an algal bloom, a rapid growing in the population of algae. The algae Numberss are unsustainable and finally most of them die. The decomposition of the algae by bacteriums uses up so much of O in the H2O that most or all of the animate beings die, which creates more organic affair for the bacteriums to break up. In add-on to doing deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate imbibing H2O supplies. Different intervention procedures are required to take N and P.NITROGEN REMOVALThe remotion of N is effected through the biological oxidization of N from ammonium hydroxide to nitrate ( nitrification ) , followed by deni trification, the decrease of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the ambiance and therefore removed from the H2O.Nitrification itself is a two-step aerophilic procedure, each measure facilitated by a different type of bacteriums. The oxidization of ammonium hydroxide ( NH3 ) to nitrite ( NO2a? ) is most frequently facilitated by Nitrosomonas spp. ( nitroso mentioning to the formation of a nitroso functional group ) . Nitrite oxidization to nitrate ( NO3a? ) , though traditionally believed to be facilitated by Nitrobacter spp. ( nitro mentioning the formation of a nitro functional group ) , is now known to be facilitated in the environment about entirely by Nitrospira spp.Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to promote the appropriate biological communities to organize. It is facilitated by a broad diverseness of bacteriums. Sand filters, lagooning and reed beds can all be used to cut down N, but the activated sludge procedure ( if designed good ) can make the occupation the most easy. Since denitrification is the decrease of nitrate to dinitrogen gas, an negatron giver is essential. This can be, depending on the effluent, organic affair ( from fecal matters ) , sulfide, or an added giver like methyl alcohol.PHOSPHORUS REMOVALdaystar remotion is of import as it is a confining food for algae growing in many fresh H2O systems. ( For a description of the negative effects of algae, see Nutrient remotion ) . It is besides peculiarly of import for H2O reuse systems where high P concentrations may take to fouling of downstream equipment such as rearward osmosis.Phosphorus can be removed biologically in a procedure called enhanced biological P remotion. In this procedure, specific bacterium, called polyphosphate spue uping beings ( PAOs ) , are selectively enriched and roll up big measures of P within their cells ( up to 20 per centum of their mass ) . When the biomass enriched in these bacteriums is separated from the treated H2O, these bioso lids have a high fertiliser value.Phosphorus remotion can besides be achieved by chemical precipitation, normally with salts of Fe ( e.g. ferrous chloride ) , aluminium ( e.g. alum ) , or lime. This may take to inordinate sludge production as hydrated oxides precipitates and the added chemicals can be expensive. Chemical P remotion requires significantly smaller equipment footmark than biological remotion, is easier to run and is frequently more dependable than biological P remotion. Another method for P remotion is to utilize farinaceous laterite.Once removed, P, in the signifier of a phosphate-rich sludge, may be stored in a land fill or resold for usage in fertiliser.DisinfectionThe intent of disinfection in the intervention of waste H2O is to well cut down the figure of micro-organisms in the H2O to be discharged back into the environment. The effectivity of disinfection depends on the quality of the H2O being treated ( e.g. , cloud cover, pH, etc. ) , the type of disinfection b eing used, the bactericidal dose ( concentration and clip ) , and other environmental variables. Cloudy H2O will be treated less success full(a)y, since solid affair can screen organisms, particularly from ultraviolet visible radiation or if contact times are low. By and large, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effectual disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone, Cl, ultraviolet visible radiation, or Na hypochlorite. Chloramine, which is used for imbibing H2O, is non used in waste H2O intervention because of its continuity.Chlorination remains the most common signifier of waste H2O disinfection in North America due to its low cost and long haul history of effectivity. One disadvantage is that chlorination of residuary organic stuff can bring forth chlorinated-organic compounds that may be carcinogenic or harmful to the environment. rest period Cl or chloramines may besides be capable of chlorinating organic stuff in the natural aqua tic environment. Further, because residuary Cl is toxic to aquatic species, the treated wastewater must besides be chemically dechlorinated, adding to the complexness and cost of intervention.Ultraviolet ( UV ) light can be used alternatively of Cl, I, or other chemicals. Because no chemicals are used, the treated H2O has no inauspicious consequence on beings that subsequently devour it, as may be the instance with other methods. UV radiation causes harm to the familial construction of bacteriums, viruses, and other pathogens, doing them incapable of reproduction. The cardinal disadvantages of UV disinfection are the demand for frequent lamp headache and replacing and the demand for a extremely treated wastewater to guarantee that the mark micro-organisms are non shielded from the UV radiation ( i.e. , any solids nowadays in the treated wastewater may protect micro-organisms from the UV visible radiation ) . In the United Kingdom, UV visible radiation is going the most common agenc ies of disinfection because of the concerns about the impacts of Cl in chlorinating residuary organics in the effluent and in chlorinating organics in the receiving H2O. Some sewerage intervention systems in Canada and the US besides use UV visible radiation for their outflowing H2O disinfection.Ozone ( O3 ) is generated by go throughing O ( O2 ) through a high electromotive force possible resulting in a 3rd O atom going attached and organizing O3. Ozone is really unstable and reactive and oxidizes most organic stuff it comes in contact with, thereby destructing many infective micro-organisms. Ozone is considered to be safer than Cl because, unlike Cl which has to be stored on site ( extremely toxicant in the event of an inadvertent release ) , ozone is generated onsite as needed. Ozonation besides produces fewer disinfection byproducts than chlorination. A disadvantage of ozone disinfection is the high cost of the ozone coevals equipment and the demands for particular operators.ODO UR CONTROLSmells emitted by sewerage intervention are typically an indicant of an anaerobiotic or infected status. Early phases of processing will be given to bring forth fetid gases, with H sulphide being most common in bring forthing ailments. Large procedure workss in urban countries will frequently handle the smells with C reactors, a contact media with bio-slimes, little doses of Cl, or go arounding fluids to biologically capture and metabolise the objectionable gases. Other methods of odour control exist, including add-on of Fe salts, H peroxide, Ca nitrate, etc. to pull off H sulphide degrees.Package Plants AND BATCH REACTORSTo utilize less infinite, dainty hard waste and intermittent flows, a figure of designs of intercrossed intervention workss have been produced. Such workss frequently combine at least two phases of the three chief intervention phases into one combined phase. In the UK, where a big figure of effluent intervention workss serve little populations, bundle workss are a feasible option to constructing a big construction for each procedure phase. In the US, bundle workss are typically used in rural countries, main road remainder Michigans and dawdler Parkss. One type of system that combines secondary intervention and colony is the sequencing messiness reactor ( SBR ) . Typically, activated sludge is assorted with natural entrance sewerage, and so assorted and aerated. The settled sludge is run away and re-aerated before a balance is returned to the headworks. SBR workss are now being deployed in many parts of the universe.The disadvantage of the SBR procedure is that it requires a precise control of timing, blending and aeration. This preciseness is typically achieved with deliberation machine controls linked to detectors. Such a complex, delicate system is unsuited to topographic points where controls may be undependable, ill maintained, or where the power supply may be intermittent. Extended aeration bundle workss use separate basi ns for aeration and subsiding, and are slightly larger than SBR workss with decreased timing sensitiveness.Package workss may be referred to every bit high charged or low charged. This refers to the manner the biological burden is processed. In high charged systems, the biological phase is presented with a high organic burden and the combined floc and organic stuff is so oxygenated for a few hours before being charged once more with a new burden. In the low charged system the biological phase contains a low organic burden and is combined with flocculate for longer times.SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSALThe sludges hoard in a effluent intervention procedure must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effectual mode. The intent of digestion is to cut down the sum of organic affair and the figure of disease-causing micro-organisms present in the solids. The most common intervention options include anaerobiotic digestion, aerophilic digestion, and composting. Incineration is besides used albeit to a much lesser grade.Sludge intervention depends on the sum of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. Composting is most frequently applied to small-scale workss with aerophilic digestion for mid size operations, and anaerobiotic digestion for the larger-scale operations.ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONAnaerobic digestion is a bacterial procedure that is carried out in the absence of O. The procedure can either be thermophilic digestion, in which sludge is fermented in armored combat vehicles at a temperature of 55AC, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36AC. Though leting shorter keeping clip ( and therefore smaller armored combat vehicles ) , thermophilic digestion is more expensive in footings of energy ingestion for heating the sludge.Anaerobic digestion is the most common ( mesophilic ) intervention of domestic sewerage in infected armored combat vehicles, which usually retain the sewerage from one twenty-four hours to two yearss, cut downing the BOD by approxi mately 35 to 40 per centum. This decrease can be increased with a combination of anaerobiotic and aerophilic intervention by put ining Aerobic Treatment Units ( ATUs ) in the infected armored combat vehicle.One major characteristic of anaerobiotic digestion is the production of biogas ( with the most utile constituent being methane ) , which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for warming intents.AEROBIC DIGESTIONAerobic digestion is a bacterial procedure happening in the presence of O. Under aerophilic conditions, bacteriums quickly consume organic affair and change over it into C dioxide. The operating costs used to be characteristically much greater for aerophilic digestion because of the energy used by the blowers, pumps and motors needed to add O to the procedure.Aerobic digestion can besides be achieved by utilizing diffuser systems or jet aerators to oxidise the sludge.COMPOSTINGComposting is besides an aerophilic procedure that involves ble nding the sludge with beginnings of C such as sawdust, straw or wood french friess. In the presence of O, bacterium digest both the effluent solids and the added C beginning and, in making so, produce a big sum of heat.IncinerationIncineration of sludge is less common because of air emanations concerns and the auxiliary fuel ( typically natural gases or fuel oil ) required to fire the low calorific value sludge and zap residuary H2O. Stepped multiple fireplace incinerators with high ingleside clip and fluidized bed incinerators are the most common systems used to burn effluent sludge. Co-firing in municipal waste-to-energy workss is on occasion done, this option being less expensive presuming the installations already exist for solid waste and there is no demand for subsidiary fuel.Chapter THREETERTIARY TREATMENT3.1 SLUDGE DISPOSALWhen a liquid sludge is produced, farther intervention may be required to do it suited for concluding disposal. Typically, sludges are thickened ( dewate red ) to cut down the volumes transported off-site for disposal. There is no procedure which exclusively eliminates the demand to dispose of biosolids. There is, nevertheless, an extra measure some chief citys are taking to superheat sludge and change over it into little pelletized granules that are high in N and other organic stuffs. In New York City, for illustration, several sewerage intervention workss have dewatering installations that use big extractors along with the add-on of chemicals such as polymer to farther take liquid from the sludge. The removed fluid, called centrate, is typically reintroduced into the effluent procedure. The merchandise which is left is called bar and that is picked up by companies which turn it into fertilizer pellets. This merchandise is so sold to local husbandmans and sod farms as a dirt amendment or fertiliser, cut downing the sum of infinite required to dispose of sludge in landfills. Much sludge arising from commercial or industrial count ries is contaminated with toxic stuffs that are released into the cloacas from the industrial procedures. Elevated concentrations of such stuffs may do the sludge irreconcilable for agricultural usage and it may so hold to be incinerated or disposed of to landfill.3.2 TREATMENT IN THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENTMany procedures in a effluent intervention works are designed to mime the natural intervention processes that occur in the environment, whether that environment is a natural H2O organic structure or the land. If non overloaded, bacteriums in the environment will devour organic contaminations, although this will cut down the degrees of O in the H2O and may significantly alter the overall ecology of the receiving H2O. Native bacterial populations feed on the organic contaminations, and the Numberss of disease-causing micro-organisms are reduced by natural environmental conditions such as predation or characterization to ultraviolet radiation. Consequently, in instances where the r eceiving environment provides a high degree of dilution, a high grade of effluent intervention may non be required. However, recent yard has demonstrated that really low degrees of specific contaminations in effluent, including endocrines ( from animate being farming and residue from human hormonal contraceptive method methods ) and man-made stuffs such as phthalates that mimic endocrines in their action, can hold an unpredictable inauspicious impact on the natural biology and potentially on worlds if the H2O is re-used for imbibing H2O. 21 In the US and EU, uncontrolled discharges of effluent to the environment are non permitted under jurisprudence, and rigorous H2O quality demands are to be met. ( For demands in the US, see Clean Water Act. ) A important menace in the coming decennaries will be the increasing uncontrolled discharges of effluent within quickly maturation states.3.3 SEWAGE TREATMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESFew dependable figures on the portion of the effluent coll ected in cloacas that is being treated in the universe exist. In many developing states the majority of domestic and industrial effluent is discharged without any intervention or after primary intervention merely. In Latin America about 15 % of gathered effluent base on ballss through intervention workss ( with varying degrees of existent intervention ) . In Venezuela, a below mean state in South America with regard to wastewater intervention, 97 per centum of the state s sewerage is discharged natural into the environment. In a comparatively developed Middle Eastern state such as Iran, Tehran s bulk of population has wholly untreated sewerage injected to the metropolis s groundwater. However now the building of major parts of the sewerage system, aggregation and intervention, in Tehran is about complete, and under development, due to be to the full completed by the terminal of 2012.In Israel, approximately 50 per centum of agricultural H2O use ( entire usage was 1 billion three-dim ensional meters in 2008 ) is provided through reclaimed cloaca H2O. Future programs call for increased usage of treated cloaca H2O every bit good as more desalinization workss.