Lev Vygotsky’s Theory Essay Example for Free

Lev Vygotskys Theory EssayThe maturement or the growing-up process of a claw has been considered as the most critical and pivotal part of a persons life. It is in this stage where most changes take place which determines the strength or helplessness of the foundations of ones skills and capabilities as he or she grows up. Human development has also been an interesting topic or research in the field of psychology over the years. Theories and ideas have been formulated and developed in edict to create a wide makeing of the process of benevolent development as it plays a signifi puket part in a persons foundation as an adult. The developmental process of a child includes several aspects like the physiological, emotional, and cognitive development. In this paper, the focus shall be on cognitive development and the process of language acquisition, as proposed and theorized by Lev Vygotsky. What is cognitive Development and Language Acquisition? Cognitive development is a part of the overall dynamic process of human maturity. In current media, a tidy sum of products like milk, supplements, and health commodities for children have been publicise to contribute on improving the wellness of a childs cognitive development.This shows how the current society values this aspect of child development with circumscribed importance. Cognitive development pertains to how an undivided understands and grasps ideas through learned factors and genetics as well. This developmental aspect is made up of five fields, namely, information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, and retention (Wells, 2008). Understanding the whole cognitive development of a child may not be complete without understanding these core fields. However, this paper shall focus on one area which is language development.The definition of intelligence and cognitive development has also become a commonplace debate among psychologists like Vygotsky and Piaget. Piaget defines intel ligence as the ability of an individual to adapt to his or her environment through several adaptation models which include the concepts of assimilation and accommodation, two of which place stronger emphasis on the individual (cited in Lloyd, 1995). On the other hand, Vygotsky argues that cognitive development refers to the capacity of a person to learn through instruction with an emphasis on the environment.Moreover, Vygotsky saw the content of individuals to learn through instruction as the basic feature of human intelligence (cited in Lloyd, 1995). In medical cost, language development can be identified as the process wherein the complexity of symbols, sounds, and meanings combined is being expanded steadily. This process shall depend on how a person interprets, understands, and perceives objects and symbols as influenced by his or her environment and learning process (Biology Online, 2005).Among children, especially those of 1 to 2 years of age, the early developments in lang uage can be very well detect in their constant cooing, imitation of adult sounds and words, babbling, and use of shortened words and sentences (Biology Online, 2005). Lev Vygotskys Views on the Roots of Though and Language Lev Semenovich Vygotsky is a German psychologist who explained and expounded on the genetic approach to the early developments of thoughts and concepts in human development.He connected the changes and transitions occurring in this process from childhood to adulthood through a series of human developmental stages (Marxist Internet Archive, 1990). Although his theories have been rejected in the United States during the earlier part of the political conflict between the U. S. and Soviet Union, his works still became popular as the Cold War ended up to present date. His works basically revolved around the roots of thought and language. It will be easier to understand Vygotskys theories in psychology by understanding the main arguments from which his theories are roo ted from.His main arguments about intelligence and cognitions state that, (1) thinking is understood developmentally in terms of its roots and succeeding growth at the individual and cultural levels of analysis (2) thinking is interceded by semiotic mechanisms like speech which can be considered as the most powerful of such mechanisms and (3) there are certain thinking processes like problem solving, voluntary memory, and self-regulation which have roots from accessible processes and interactions (Vygotsky cited in Goswami, 2004).As one may observe, more often than not, Vygotsky used the terms speech and thinking than language and thought. This preference to use such terms was believed to be linked with his perception of speech as a social or shared process (Lloyd, 1995). For Vygotsky, the developments of thinking and speech are two give out entities thought being non-verbal and language being non-intellectual. However, he explained that during a specific time in a persons life (a round the age of two), the lines of development of these two areas start to meet again to induce the creation of a new behavior (Vygotsky cited in Schutz, 2004).He was able to expound his positions on this concept as he noted that, (1) thinking and speech have different roots at the start of their development (2) at the beginning, there will be a pre-intellectual stage for speech and a pre-linguistic stage for thought (3) there will come a point in time when these two aspects shall make out different curves unaffected with each other (4) at a second point, their curves shall meet where thought will rung verbal, and speech, on the other hand, will turn rational and lastly, (5) thinking and speech are not always overlying each other (Lloyd, 1995).Vygotskys hypothesis has also been particular about the grammatical construction of words and acquisition of word meanings. He explains that the formation of word and word meaning is in a way related to how a child perceives a problem in communicating with his or her guardian. Vygotsky claims that word meanings are derived from the problem of not knowing what to call or how to describe a specific object, feeling, or thought, which the child usually asks from an adult (cited in Schutz, 2004).Vygotsky also acquired interest in understanding the possibilities that language may indeed affect how a person thinks. In contrast to Piagets focus on childrens egocentric and private speech, Vygotsky dealt with language as a form of social communication which progressively supports both language and thinking process. Applications of Vygotskys Constructivist Cognition Concept to a Childs Education and Language formation Vygotskys Language Acquistion Theory has been influenced by the constructivist approach.In constructivism, problem solving is the core idea of all forms of learning, thinking, and development that is, as a child encounters a problem and discovers consequences for its solutions, he or she eventually forms his or her thinking and understanding of a certain concept (Vygotsky cited in Brewer, 2007). In the constructivist view, prior association plays a big part on how a child will perceive things as he or she grows up that is, it is important for the learner to be able to construct new information into his or her current knowledge because the information connected to the learners prior experiences shall be forgotten easily.In application to real life situations, teachers can set about to learn about the childrens prior knowledge about a specific problem or a specific topic which confuses them in order to gauge what the children already know and help them understand different experiences (Brewer, 2007). In relation to language development, Vygotsky also coined the concept of the zone of proximal development, which emphasizes that children acquire knowledge about objects and concepts they see as confusing through directed interactions from guardians, teachers, and parents.He explained that wha t children learn with the guidance and assistance of great deal around them appears to be a lot more suggestive of their learning development compared to what they usually do altogether (Vygotsky, 1987, qtd. in Lloyd, 1995). Thus, speech and word meaning which is acquired by a child alone may not give him or her the utmost linguistic potential he or she can have. Language development as well as the other aspects of development a child goes through in the early years is highly important regardless of the learning genre or theory followed.Theories like Vygotskys language acquisition theory are formulated to give people specific basis of the different developmental processes. A childs language development is never as plain as teaching him or her words and names rather, it is a complex process which involves crucial elements and key areas where parents, teachers, and concerned guardians have to focus on in order to help the child realize his or her full potential.References Biology On line. (2005, October 3). Language Development.Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http//www. biology-online. org/ vocabulary/Language_development Brewer, W. (2007). Learning theory Constructivist approach. Answers. com. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http//www. answers. com/topic/learning-theory-constructivist-approach Goswami, U. (2004). Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development. Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing. Lloyd. P. (1995). Psychology Cognitive and Language Development. Leicester, UK British Psychological Society.Marxist Internet Archive. (1990). Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich (1896-1934). Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http//www. marxists. org/glossary/people/v/y. htmvygotsky-lev Schutz, R. (2004, December 5). Vygotsky language acquisition. English Made in Brazil. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http//www. sk. com. br/sk-vygot. html Wells, K. R. (2008). Cognitive development. Encyclopedia of Childrens Health. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http//www. healthofchild ren. com/C/Cognitive-Development. html

Educational Purpose Essay Example for Free

Educational Purpose EssaySince childhood, I have always valued to be an educator. This is because I have always considered education as an essential need. It is certainly because education makes mavin civilized. It is as well as through education that the potential of one person is maximized. Significantly, it is the way by which one gains knowledge which is very useful in everyday life. Education is also the means which will make it feasible for individuals to achieve his or her dreams. In addition, education is necessary in order to mould one to discern what is right from wrong. Hence, education is one of the most all-important(a) factors for people to exist in a peaceful and civilized society. Additionally, as widely recognized, being a teacher is the noblest profession. It is not only because teachers educate further also because they are considered as the second parent of the students. Hence, it is not only the intellectual cyclorama that teacher develops but also the emotional and psychological aspect of the student. Teachers are necessary in forming better persons in the society.Notably, in all these endeavors, the teacher does not merely exert effort and time but also extends care, concern, and love to his or her students. It is for these zealous purposes that I longed to be an educator. In the educational system today, many problems can be observed. The most common and old probably is diversity or socio-cultural differences. Even in the older times, diversity has always been a barrier for most of students. I had my own share of difficulty when it comes to the paying back of socio-cultural differences.I have experienced being avoided in debates whenever I attempted to join. Being a person having a different skin color and dustup makes it difficult to be accepted by the majority. However, being different among the majority has challenged me to break the barriers that impede me from achieving my goals. I know that there are thousands who had experienced and is experiencing what I have been through. As such, I am inspired to make ways on eliminating diversity that hinders other students from pursuing their dreams.Meanwhile, school is considered as the second blank space of students. Hence, schools should be made as a place for freedom regardless of race, culture, gender, age, and socio-economic status. Another problem that is plaguing the education system is commercialization. Education has been said to be a right of every individual. However, as educational fees continue to increase, the burden to the poor is becoming heavier because the value is making it difficult for the poor to afford. Hence, education is becoming a privilege for the rich.Furthermore, the continued commercialization of education is affecting the quality of education because of competition among schools. At the same time, commercialization deviate the crusade market and creates labor shifting. This happens especially when schools offer short cours es when the employment demands for graduate courses. Education, as such, is one of the necessities for us to be able to achieve our dreams. A student goes to school to be educated so that someday he will have the employment he has desired for. However, the real situation would merely disappoint the student.It is of no precariousness that the technological innovation has affected the drastic change in labor demand. In addition, the nation is also highly industrialise. Hence, the labor offered are those related to engineering and industry. This fact puts the students of social sciences in a disadvantaged position because they have a narrower chance of employment in a highly technical and industrialized society. It has been said that education is the window to a students dream. Thus, the curriculum should correspond to the need of the society and at the same time aid in the fulfillment of the students dream.

Rockin Beats Essay Example for Free

Rockin Beats EssayRockin Beats is a euphony p atomic number 18ntage which has deuce branches located in the United Arab Emirates. One branch is located in Sharjah and the other in Dubai. The Rockin Beats store in Dubai offers* Latest titles in pop, gemstone and dance* The expanding collection offers over 1000 CDs including live versions* CDs are digitally re-mastered for the best sound* Reasonable prices and special offersRockin Beats has a total provide of 19 who are ceaselessly forming to provide the best service. The staff of 19 consists of 6 shop assistants, 1 sales manger, 3 sales staff, 1 accountant and 1 assistant accountant, 1 sound engineer, 1 purchasing manager, 3 cashiers, 1 storekeeper, 1 secretary and the chairman Mr Jason Smith.Current SystemIn regularize to investigate the problem with the current organisation there had to be some research done, which involved interviewing the chairman, Mr Smith and the nodes.Mr Smith, aged 42 has lot of puzzle in the tr ade and is constantly trying to light upon the store more profitable. His main concern seems to be the inefficiency of the outline as its a manual system. In order to increase the efficiency, the current system will substantiate to be automated. At present, shop assistants are concentrating more on there manual work rather than giving time for nodes. An automated system will create friendly customer service and increase the efficiency there by do Rockin Beats a more profitable organisation.In the current system, when a CD arrives to the store the name of the CD, album name and price are far-famed down on a sheet and placed in alphabetical order in a register cabinet, which is placed in the store. When a customer buys a CD, an invoice with the price and album ID, handwritten by the cashier is given to the customer. After the cashier has to the highest degree ten invoices, the invoices are sent through and through a shop assistant to the accounts department which takes about 10 minutes. An accountant searches for the sales consign in the filing cabinet and writes down the sold CDs and places the file second in the sales cabinet. The invoices are beca wont passed on to the store keeper who ticks off the CDs sold on the stock control file and then removes the CDs from the filing cabinet in the store. Copies of the invoices are stored in another filing cabinet in alphabetical order of the album name.The store keeper has to constantly refer to the stock control file in order to check that the CDs are available. When the stocks become low the store keeper calls Mega Star (the local medical specialty distributor) and places an order.If the a customer wants a particular CD and asks a shop assistant to check whether its available, he or she will induce to refer to the filing cabinet to check if the CD wanted is available. Communications between the two branches are made using the telephone, fax or post.By the end of for each one calendar month the sales a nd cost are calculated manually using a calculator. These calculations are then checked by another accountant to make positive(predicate) that the figures are correct.In order to check the effectiveness of this system the customers were interviewed in order to obtain their opinions. Fifty questionnaires with six questions on the important factors of the music store were randomly given out to the customers entering the store. The results from this questionnaire are shown belowFor Question 1 What do you think of our service provided?ExcellentGood occupy ImprovementsThe pie chart above shows that 74% of the people thought that the store needed improvements. From question 2 on the questionnaire, What improvements would you like to see?, the customers wanted the staff to be quick in searching for CDs, wanted a service where the CDs not available could be ordered and more shop assistants to offer help.Question 3, What do you think about the time taken at the cashier?GoodNeeds to be faste rQuestion 4 What do you think about the arrangement of the store?Easily accessibleDifficult to accessQuestion 5 was If you chose difficult to access, where would your preferred location be? For this question Dubai was the preferred location to the customers as 44 customers (88%) thought that the store was easily accessible.The last question was about the parking facility, What do you think about the parking at the store?GoodNeed more spacesThe bar chart above shows that 46 customers (92%) think that the parking facilities are good. So this factor will not have to be considered as the customers are pleased with it.The results from the questionnaire show that a greater number of people want the check out process to be quicker. This essence that the new system should contain a faster check out process, faster search facilities and the service of ordering music. The location of the store and parking facilities are fine according to the customers.The current system seems to contain a g reat deal of problems, which are* Prone to errors as there are lot of homosexual involvements* Information is stored in filing cabinets, making queries difficult* Processes are very time consuming and inefficient* Calculations have to be double-checked* Difficult to keep back up copies* Filing cabinets can get unorganised leading to errors and wastage of timeData Flow of the current systemThe hardware in the current system is a calculator, a typewriter and filing cabinets. These are very old and inefficient types of hardware used for processing and storing discipline. This system needs to be computerised in order to make it efficient and organised.A database can be used to create a system which is easy to understand, which means the staff wouldnt require much training, a basic friendship in computers would be enough. Carrying out tasks on the data stored in the database would be easier and quicker. The system could also be made more pay back by adding a password. Back up copies of the data can be stored in case the system crashes.Computerising the system will also mean that communications between the two branches and Mega Star (the local music distributor) will be much faster due to the use of the Internet. Methods such as E-mail, internet telephone set and video-conferencing can be used to communicate.There are a few disadvantages in computerising the system as follows* The initial cost of setting up the system will be high* Use of the internet will make the system insecure as hackers can get into areas with sensitive data* peril of virus spreading throughout the whole organisation.* Elimination of certain jobs.The advantages of computerising the system are far greater than the disadvantages, which means that a certain tasks will have to be performed on the system, which are1. Enter all data in filing cabinets into the database. E.g. Album name, artist, genre, year, etc.2. Create a query to find a particular CD.3. Create forms for tables so that data ca n be entered easily.4. Create an invoice so that the cashiers only have to enter certain information such as album ID, album name, artist/band and price.5. Create a form for customer comments. E.g. if a customer wants a particular CD, he or she can place an order through this form.6. Making the system simple and user friendly so that a person with a moderate knowledge of IT can use it.The program which I will use to create the database and perform the tasks is Microsoft Access. This database will be created for users with moderate skills. The users should be able to carry out queries, add entries and making sure that the system is up-to-date. The shop assistants should check the customer comments daily in order to get the required CDs in time for the customers. When the put across CDs have arrived, the entries for those CDs in the customer comments must(prenominal) be deleted and new entries should be made in the tables. The storekeeper must check the invoices daily to make sure t hat stocks are available.When using Microsoft Access the computers must have certain features to run the program efficiently. These are the hardware specifications* Pentium III, 700 MHz terminals (each with 128 MB RAM)* Flat screen monitors for use with the store by shop assistants and cashiers.* Normal Monitors for use in departments.* Main server (with 100 GB) networks all the terminals so that they can access the database.* Keyboards* Mouse* 3.5 lax drives* CD-ROM drives* Printers used for printing receipts and used by other departments such as the accounts department for keeping hardcopies of information.* Modems used for connecting to the internet to get information on CDs.The software requirements are* MS Access 2002* Windows XPPerformance CriteriaIn order to maintain the efficiency and standard of Rockin Beats, certain procedures have to be followed when performing tasks* All documents of the company must contain the letterhead, address, telephone number and date.* Pass word must be alphanumeric. This reduces the chances of being hacked.* The password must be changed every month to reduce the risk of hacking.* The customer comments form must be checked everyday in order to get the music wanted by the customer as soon as possible.* The anti-virus software must be up dated every two months to reduce the risk of new viruses entering.* When downloading information or software from the internet the 2 stand alone computers must be used. If a virus enters only the computer being used will be damaged, not the entire network.* The system must be backed up every month, in case of a system failure and information is lost.* Database must be updated as soon as new CDs arrive.* On the table Other Information on CDs, in the field Year the validation reign must be changed in the month of declination of each year. E.g. the current validation rule is that data entered must be Between 1960 And 2002. In December this year it should be changed to Between 1960 And 200 3.

Jazzy Studio Is A Music And Sound Recording Marketing Essay

Jazzy Studio Is A Music And Sound Recording Marketing EssayJazzy studio apartment is a unison and penet tempo record studio that set asides arranging services to local geniuss in and around Abeokuta south local government in Ogun state, Nigeria. The organization is led by a well-thought-of occupationman, Seun Odegbami, who has considerable develop in running an effective barter. The company owner Seun Odegbami sallys more than 10 years of industry experience and offers a strong flat coat in sound record, audio engineering and promotional commercialiseing skills.The focus of this problem is to put forth objectives to provide audio record services for musicians/ workmans, to provide prize promotional materials, increase sales and customer base, and to offer outstanding(a) materials and videography services in the near future. Jazzy studio is ready to elevate to the next step and the company is also seeking a business add in the amount of 7million, which entrust be u sed in the purchase of equipment upgrades and advertising.1.1 bangJazzy studios mission is to provide an environment in which personal artistry is encouraged and creativity is inspired as well as expressed. The company will commit to its customers by providing a professional full service enter studio and video production company dedicated to supplying superior quality at relen shelve price.1.2 VISIONWe intend to provide our customers with the best quality and services ensuring customer satisfaction by encouraging two factors HONOR AND INTEGRITY.1.3 OBJECTIVESThe important objectives of jazzy studios includeTo provide exceptional audio recording services for musicians/artist.To increase sales and customer baseTo provide promotional material (posters, fliers) for musicians/artist.To offer outstanding videography services in near future.1.4 PRODUCT AND SERVICESThe studio will offer a variety of recording and production products that will speak to to the residents of our target mar ket and its surrounding areas. These services includeProfessional audio recordingManufacture and press compact discs for artistCreating innovative sound and concepts victimisation the best recording equipments.Vocal trainingTutorial sessions1.5 MANAGEMENT BIOGRAPHYThe management team of jazzy studios comprises of three staffs namely Seun Odegbami, Richard O commitlu and drink Ogundipe.The team is survive by Chief Executive Officer, Seun Odegbami who directs the affairs of the company after a successful career as a manager at Marvin Records. He true his offshoot degree in media services from university of Lagos in 2001 and later proceeded to the University of Sunderland where he bagged his M.B.A in 2003. Seun Odegbami offers more than 10 years of vast experience in the music industry.The audio engineer is Richard Ositelu.The audio engineer also called audio technician, recording engineer deals with the use of machinery and equipments for production of quality sounds. Richard fi nished from Yaba College of Technology with HND in sound engineering and has 5 years of working experience in the studio.Tope Ogundipe acts as an administrative officer. She is responsible for all accounting and administrative services of the organization. Tope is an OND holder from Lagos state polytechnic and also offers 2 years of working experience.Our organization is made up of three staffs that would carry out business goals and batten customer satisfaction is guaranteed at all time.CUsersSubbyDownloadsacc3.gifFigure 1 illustration of company organogram1.6 COMPANY SUMMARYCOMPANY NAME JAZZY STUDIOS rigADDRESS 4, Laderin Road Abeokuta, Ogun State.PHONE NUMBER 01-273648, 07061524987EMAIL emailprotected, emailprotectedWEBSITE www.jazzystudios.comJazzy studio sits in Laderin road which is the heart of Abeokuta. The studio consists of three rooms a wait area, a pre-production area and a post production area with a state of the art recording sound booth. It is the only full servic e, professional recording studio in the area.2.0 THE ECONOMYThe economic market condition in Nigeria is struggling to leverage her vast wealth in order to displace the annihilating poverty that affects over 50% of its population. Despite the slowdown in the economy, there have been a great number of small talents taking music as a long time career. The music industry has high employment-generating potentials. The growing success of the industry has not gone unnoticed by investors and indeed many record labels are investing in advanced and talented artistes nationwide. The recent success of top musicians in the global world has been a massive elevate for young aspiring talents in the music industry.2.1 MARKET ANALYSIS SUMMARYThe overall market for sound recording is immense and the demand for sound recording is increasing. Sound recording aid the booming technology that delivers audio to MP3players, computers, IPOD etc. also, sound engineering technicians operate machines and eq uipments to record, synchronize, and mix sound effect in recording studio, theater productions and video production.Jazzy studio launches its services in receptive to the steady growing market segment which is among young adults in Nigeria today. Despite the economic downturns, there is still an increase of young talents in the music industry and our organization is ready to provide sound services to local vocal talent whether they are artist, children interested in tutorial session in audio recording.2.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSISThere are approximately 1,255 sound recording studios in Nigeria. Revenues generated by the industry total more than 50 million and there is an estimate of about 6,000 people employed by the industry. The industry is expected to continually grow as the number of potential talents is on the rise and more competitors entering the market. The Nigerian census estimates that the industry has grow at a rate of 11.5% annually.2.3 MARKET SEGMENTATIONOur market segmentation is fairly straight forward and focuses on our target market, customers at bottom the music and sound recording industry. These customers prefer trusted quality of work and its our duty to deliver the quality they expect.The information in our market analytic thinking table shows our main markets which are the local independent artist and children. Our market for local independent artist who are our biggest and popular market exists due to ideal location. Our children clientele exist due to tutorial sessions we offer in our community.Table Market AnalysisMarket analysis2012201320142015Potential customersGrowthIndependent artist20%100120140160Children20%32527292Total20%1322023224422.4 MARKET TARGETJazzy studio will do the music recording market segment. Since our company is located in the heart of Abeokuta, the target market will be young aspiring musicians who probably are unable able to afford the regular studio session fee. They utilize us to build onto their audio portfolio, and to provide excellent service.Because we mainly focus on the music recording market, we cope how to meet the specific needs of our clients. Therefore, we intend to r for each one our target market through word of the mouth marketing, fliers and business cards which will be distributed in the neighborhood2.5 COMPETITOR ANALYSISJazzy studio is the only full service and professional studio in Abeokuta south local government and our business is in a non-competitive environment. The studio has modern and abstract sound systems which will attract more customers. There are currently no competitors in this rail flair of business in Abeokuta south.2.6 COMPETITVE ADVANTAGEJazzy studios competitive advantage relies in our ability to position as a strategic ally with our customers. The companys reputation of universe trustworthy and reliable will be a key factor by building a business based on long standing relationship with our clients. The longer the relationship, the more we will help our clients understand what we offer them and why they need it. Our Producers and audio engineers will establish strong relationships with clients to ensure that they are satisfied because it aids us in generating future business. Our organization operates under a business philosophy that specialized customer service is the best way to attract more clients.Jazzy studios also recognize the opportunity to provide tutorial sessions to young aspiring adults. This approach tends to get the attention of local young aspiring musicians/artist which is the best way to make money in the long term and bring the best out of clients.3.0 BUSINESS STRATEGYOur business strategy involves advertising and reaching all the potential clients that we can. Our goal is to provide exceptional service to our customer and satisfy them at all cost.Currently, jazzy studio has an advantage because the owner/produce, Seun Odegbami is a well known superior business man that has excellent audio engineering and con versation skills. Seun also offers more than 10years of experience to the music recording industry. Once a few bands have been secured, it then becomes our marketing strategy to plug the bands as much as possible. This will be done by leveraging all of their networking contacts.3.1 gross revenue STRATEGYThe CEO has an excellent customer relation and interpersonal skills these skills will be used in making customer/musicians comfortable in trusting jazzy studio to produce and record music for them. Keeping customers happy, we feel, is an implicit part of building a relationship that will encourage business growth.3.2 SERVICE BUSINESS ANALYSISAs a music recording company, it is our duty to offer customers the best services, a professional atmosphere and comfortable environment. We also provide musicians/artist with promotional materials, such as fliers, posters and cd covers at a very reasonable price.As simple as it may be, our method of executing customer service has an important ef fect on the bottom line. Skillful use of good communication will bring the business we desire.3.3 WEBSITE MARKETING STRATEGYOur online services will provide intending customers an opportunity to access more information about the organization, promos, recording hours and tutorial. The site will be linked to various entertainment sites such as music sturvs, notjustok, and jaguda. Jazzy studio will also submit the site to some(prenominal) different search engines and lastly, the URL address will be prominent on printed material and correspondence.4.0 FINANCIAL ANALYSISThe financial plan of any business is essential as it makes all the difference between organized activities and chaos (Maslauskaite and Koumpis 2011). A comprehensive business plan is useless if it does not contain a financial plan and endureion for the future.The current financial plan for jazzy studio is to obtain a business loan in the amount of 7million. The loan will be used to update and purchase new equipment and software, increase advertising and provide video recording services.The following sections of this plan will serve to describe jazzy studios financial plan in more detailsSales projectionBalance sheetProfit and lossBreak-even analysis4.1 SALES PROJECTIONSales projection is a core in a business plan. Managers tend to measure a business growth by its sales and the sales forecast sets the standard for expense, profit and growth. Jazzy studios average 21 sessions a month. Studio sessions cost 7500/hour. Most sessions last for 3 hours thus each session totals 22,500.Each promotional design cost 10,000. Our goal is to design between 50-100 promotional designs a year.Our forecast for jazzy records total sales in its first year is 3,150,000. During the years 2014-2016 we see a 30% annual increase.Table SALES PROJECTIONSales Forecast2013201420152016Unit salesAudio fruit120135161195promotional design4591110165Total Unit SalesUnit PricesAudio ProductionPromotional DesignSalesAudio Production Promotional DesignTotal Sales165201322,50010,0002,700,000450,0003,150,000226201422,50010,0003,037,500910,0003,947,500271201525,50010,0004,105,5001,100,0005,205,500360201625,50010,0004,972,5001,650,0006,622,500Figure sales by year4.2 IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONSThe table below shows the assumptions used in the financial calculation of this business plan.The average per-unit revenue cost is estimated to be 18,700. The average per-unit variable cost is estimated to be 500. The estimated periodic fixed cost is 100,000.Table General assumptionsGeneral Assumptions201220132014Current Interest rate10.00%10.00%10.00% ample term interest rate10.00%10.00%10.00%Tax rate15.00%15.00%15.00%4.3 intercommunicate PROFIT AND LOSSThe net income for 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 is forecast to be 3,150,000, 3,947,500, 5,205,500, 6,622,500 respectively. The net profit for the same period is4.4 PROJECT BALANCE SHEETThe table below illustrates the project balance sheet.TABLE Balance SheetPro forma balance sheet201 3201420152016ASSETSCurrent assetsCash7,005,0217,503,8718,012,7608,499,091Other current assetsTotal current assetLong term assetAccumulated depreciationTotal long term assetTotal assets3,121,02310,126,04400010,126,0443,121,02310,624,89400010,624,8943,121,02311,133,78300011,133,7833,121,02311,620,11400011,620,114LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL2013201420152016Current liabilitiesAccounts payable56Current borrowing03291Other current liabilitiesSubtotal current liabilitiesLong term liabilitiesTotal liabilitiesPaid in peachyRetained earningEarningsTotal capitalTotal liabilities and capitalNet worth03554435.0 SWOT ANALYSISA SWOT analysis identifies the internal and external factors that are every helpful or not and serves as a useful resources which may be incorporated into an organization strategic planning model (Chen and bruneski).The SWOT analysis aids in displaying the internal strengths and weaknesses that Jazzy studio must address. The SWOT analysis allows us to examine opportunities presen ted to Jazzy studio as well as possible potential threats. The companys strength which includes having 10 years of industry experience and noesis, quality production and sound, excellent and stable staff, essential equipment, high customer trueness and good referral relationships as well as strong media relationship will help the company grow from strength to strength.5.0.1 STRENGTHS10 years of industry knowledgeEssential equipmentsStrong media relationshipQuality production and soundCost advantages with new technology exploitation customer base and customer loyalty within target group.Awesome website5.0.2 WEAKNESSESLack of money to advertiseCost factor with keeping state-of-the-art hardwareNew entrantsLimited channels of distribution5.0.3 OPPORTUNITIESGrowing market with a significant of our target market still not knowing we exist.Strategic alliance offering source for referrals to extend our reach.Developing new technologies to cope with the driving force of the industryInterne t through expanding e-commerce.Expanding nationwide5.0.4 THREATEmerging local competitors currently there are no recording studios in the area.Increase in price inputs can cause upward pricingChanges in regulations can impact the business5.1 LIMITING FACTORSThe limiting factors that control the organization process, such as growth, resources are as followsLack of constant electricityPiracy

Glycolipids: Function and Structure

Glycolipids Function and StructureIntroductionMarine kingdom Fungi be saprophytic or heterotrophic form of filamentous spore forming eukaryote microorganisms are extensively lives in the oceanic or estuarine ecosystem. The characterization and diversity of the marine fungi bottom of the inning be studied by the direct observation of morphological structure and next generation sequencing. Taxonomic aloney characterized marine fungi are belongs to either facultative or obligate forms. Facultative forms are originally characterd from terrestrial or fresh water region but they are able to colonize and consider with the marine habitat and the obligate are extensively live in marine ecosystem (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979). The fungi are extensively reported for the several(prenominal) biotechnological applications industrial purpose in enzymes, natural products and agriculture biocontrol etc.The marine fungus are taxonomically distinct (Jones et al., 2009), saline tolerant (Jenni ngs, 1986), special biochemical properties (Damare et al., 2006). Interestingly, the marine fungi concord the novelty than the obligate fungi and attracts in applications of omics (Damare et al., 2012). Generally, marine fungi can be isolated from the nutrient rich substrata such as decaying wood (harbour), chromatic reef (Le Campion- Alsumard et al., 1995), oceangrases (Thirunavkkarasu, 2011) and mangrove ecosystem (Saravanakumar et al., 2012) and deep sea soil (Damare, 2007) are enhance distinct diversity of the obligate fungi (Sridhar, 2005). Among the marine substrate, mangrove is an second largest source for the isolation of obligate marine fungi (Ragukumar 2004). However, the biotechnological application of marine fungi differs with the terrestrial fungi due to their environmental adaptations and distributions. Many research focus on biotechnological utilization of natural products, enzymes, biocontrol, bioremediation, fuel conservation, waste management by using the marine fungi. A lot of structurally and pharmaceutically novel metabolites, isolated from marine fungi. However, this oblige focuses the glycollipids from the marine fungi and their properties, biological functions and applications.Glycolipids are a structurally very heterogenous group of membrane bound combine present in all living prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisams to human cells. The term of glycolipid is a compound books one or more monosaccharides glycodidically linked in to a lipid (Brandenburg and Holst, 2005). Glycolipids are an essential constituent of cellular membrane and have the remarkable biological functions of cell aggregation or dissociation act as receptor of accepter to come through the contact. Several glycolipids has important role in immune system.Fungal glycolipidomicsThe glycolipids are interesting group of the compound occurred in cell fence of animals, microbes and plant sources (Pinto et al., 2008). The fungal glycolipids are composed of a sugar units u sually glucose and galatose, hydrophobic ceramides, C19 sphingoid, C-9 metyl braches and unsaturated linkages with hydroxyhexadecanoic acids (Pinto et al., 2008).Glycoconjugates in fugal cell wallGlycoconjugates are composed of glycoprotins, peptides, glucons, polysaccharides, phosphoric acid, phospholipids, atomic number 7 and glycolipid molecules and found in the cell wall. Among the defining characteristics of fungal is cell wall complex architecture. Fungal cell walls are substantially thicker than bacterial cell walls and ordinarily make up 10-30% of the biomass. They are freely permissible to small molecules and solute transport system and signalling receptors remains in cell membrane. A different cell wall found in the fungi comparing to animals and the role of these walls includes osmotic support, selective permeability and interaction with environment (Conzalexz et al., 2009). Fungal walls consist of covalently cross linked polysaccharides of -glycans and Chitin and sever al polysaccharides are covalently cross linked through glycosidic bonds (Pinto et al., 2008).Fungal glycolipids exteriorGenerally, the glycolipid molecules are found in cell membrane of all eukaryotic cell membranes, are contain the sugar called as glycolipids besides biologically produced biosurfactants are called as glycolipids. However, all type of glycolipids are biosurfactants but not all the biosurfactants are glycolipids (Mukherjee et al., 2006 Khopade et al., 2012). Simplest glycolipids contain the one or more sugars (Fig.) and complex glycolipids such as gangliosides contain a branch chain with several sugars. Cell membranes of the fungi have the umteen types membrane and are assembled from four compounds such as (i) phospholipids molecules, (ii) transmembrane proteins, (iii) inerter protein network, and (iv) cell surface markers are not identical. The glycolipids are formed in the cell wall of fungi by glycosylation in endoplasimic reticulam (ER) membrane sections and tra nsfer the Golgi complex followed by plasma membrane (Fig). These add the sugar molecules chain to lipids called the sugar coating lipids that extents the outside of fungal cells and differences were identified in glycolipids among fungal species and used as cell surface layer or marker besides glycolipids are also compound of the bufflehead acids contain carbohydrates, and nitrogen not phosphoric acids includes the certain compounds of the gangliosides, sulfolipids and salfatids (Pinto et al., 2008). The glycolipids are a marker for the cell identification of cell surface changes and are serving as fundamental building blocks of fungi, energy molecule or store, component of membrane constituents, signal molecule to interact the environmental compounds in through outer matrix, lectins, egress factor, and a potential factor of pathogenesis and immune responses (Hakomori, 1990 Springer and Lasky, 1991 Pinto et al., 2008). Moreover, the detail mechanism of role and properties of the gl ycolipids in fungus remain unclear.Marine fungal glycolipidsResearch on glycolipids from the marine resources has expanded the due attention due to its potential novelty in biotechnological applications. Muralidhar et al., (2003) have been reviewed the glycolipids from the marine resources such as algae (Lo et al., 2001), microorganisms bacteria (Batrakov et al., 1998), fungi (Abraham et al., 1994), yeasts (Zinjarde and pant, 2002), actionbacteria (Kokare et al., 2007), sponges (pettit et al., 1999), gorgonians (Shin and Seo, 1995), sea anemones (Sugita et al., 1994), bryozoans (Ojika et al., 1997), tunicates (Loukaci et al., 2000), marine annelid (Noda et al., 1992), star fish (Sugiyama et al., 1988), sea cucumber (Higuchi et al., 1994), sea urchin (Babu et al., 1997) crinoids (Arao et al., 1999), molluscs (Yamaguchi et al., 1992), and marine crab (Asai et al., 2000).In terrestrial Fungus, in general yeasts have glycolipids as major constituents and are not the major compound in mo re fungal species. However, a high Glycolipids content of 11-16% of total lipids in Blastocladiella emersonii, the major compound of glycollipid is GalDAG and Gal2DAG (Mills and Cantino, 1974). The 61- 48 % of glycolipids is found in mycelia of Macrophomina phaseoline and the lower in the sclerotia (14-62%). However the glycolipids concentrations varied according the constituents of fermentation medium. The major compound of the fungal glycolipids identified as GalDAG and Gal2DAG base structural characterization. Further the major glycolipids of fungi is glycosphingolipids and D- glucosylceramides (Weete, 1980). Galactocerebrosides has been found in fungal species, of Aspergillus miger, C.utilis and S. cerevisae (Wagner and Zofcsik, 1969). Besides the fungal species Fusarium lini, Phycomycetes blakesleeanus and mushrooms are known to produce the glycolipids (Weiss et al., 1973). Subsequently, the glycolipids are wide studied from Torulaspora delbruecki , Saccharomyes cerevisae, Can dida glabrata, Kluyveromyes yarrowii, F. pedrosoi and K. polyporus (Saito et al., 2006 Pinto et al., 2008). The long chain sphingadinene has been first reported from Aspergillus oryzae (Fujino and Ohishi, 1976) and subsequently from Schizophyllum commune (Ballio et al., 1979), Fusicoccum amygdale (Ballio et al., 1979)), Clitocybe geotrope and Aspergillus fumigatus (Villas Boss et al., 1994), C. nebularis (Fodegel et al., 1986), A. niger(levery et al., 2000), A. versicolor (Walenkamp et al., 1999), Candida albicans (Matsubara et al., 1987), Acremonium chrysogenum (Sakaki et al., 2001), Cryptococcus neoformans (Rodrigues et al., 2000), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ( de Silva et al., 2004), Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Nimrichter et al., 2005), Hansenula anomala (Ng et al., 1977), Fusarium sp. (Duarte et al., 1998), Histoplasma capulatum (Toledo et al., 2001), Kluyeromyces waltii (Takakuwa et al., 2002), paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Takahahi et al., 1996), Magnaporthe grisea (Koga et al., 2006), Pichia pastoris (Sakaki et al., 2001), genus Saccharomyces klyuyveri (Takakuwa et al., 2002), Pseudallescheria boydii (Pinto et al., 2002), Termitomyces albuminosus (Qi et al., 2002) Sporothrix schenkii (Toledo et al., 2001).In marine fungi, very few studies are available on glycolipids of marine fungi (Table.1) the marine white rot marine fungi Nia vibrissae is manufacturer of glycolipids with inhibitory activity, the binding of endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to human endotoxin receptor (Helmholz et al., 1999). Marine fungi Gliocladium roseum KF-1040 is a producer of Roselipins can inhibit the enzyme diacylglycerol acyl transferase (Omura et al., 1999 Tomada et al., 1999 Tabata et al., 1999). Glycolipids derived from marine yeasts Calyptogena soyoae, Yarrowia lipolytica are effective on degradation of hydrocarbon (Zinjarde and pant, 2002 Konishi et al., 2010). Glycolipids synthesised form filamentous endosymbiotic Aspergillus ustus has the significant antimicrobial acti vity (Kiran et al., 2009). Several marine fungus such as Penicillum sp. F23-2 (Sun et al., 2009), Linincola laevis (Abraham et al., 1994), Fusarium sp (Li et al., 2002) and Microsphaeropsis olivacea (Keugen et al., 1996) are significantly produced the glycolipids with unknown application.

Globalisation Affected The Design Culture Cultural Studies Essay

Globalisation Affected The De contract Culture Cultural Studies EssayIt has been determined that our genetics play a huge intention in what we argon as people in terms of our looks and personality as well as our likes and dislikes. It has also been argued that creativity is generic and consequently cigaret determine what we individually find aesthetically pleasing. Yet do our upbringing of morals and beliefs play a role in how we view the world in terms of creativity and design? In his chapter on Taste, Clay (200913) states that The incident subtlety an individual is brought up in has inescapable influence in that persons preferences. I tend to agree as I do believe our preferences when it comes to design, stem from where and how we were brought up and in correlation to this, what we were exposed to in our upbringing.However, it earnms in todays fast passed expert world where we flummox advances in technology that ten years ago seemed impossible, that we are losing touch of w hat culture and heritage are. This generation of technology allows for us to move in what I believe to be an impersonal fashion. With services through the internet such as Facebook, Twitter and Skype we stool communicate globally with the clatter of a button, which in terms of communication has wagess, yet we seem so isolated from human fundamental interaction and all that comes with it. This is an effect of globilisation, as we are committed around the world, not only through technology such as the internet, but through the ever growing and advancement of travel networks of railways that link continents and melodic phrase links that allow for transcontinental travel. The reality of the 21st century is that one can be in a different continent within a matter of hours and can communicate throughout the world at any point of time. In terms of creative problem solving, todays connected parliamentary law has advantage as we can collectively gather and share information that can be use for solutions to global problems and therefore have a global interaction that will determine deviates.It is not my argument that this is bad, as we have been allowed a freedom to travel and communicate and therefore experience the world. It is however, my concern that we have been detached from our roots in terms our heathen beliefs and heritage as cross cultural and socio-economic integrations have occurred as a result. Research that has dealt with this topic in particular speaks to how cultures have integrated and mixed and some argue that this is simply a continuation of evolution, yet I feel that as a result we could mislay not only cultures that have grown through the ages but the sense of belonging or as Clay (200913) terms an individuals status in society. It is thus my intention to determine how globalisation has affected cultures through design changes.Literature ReviewPreliminary research on globalisation as a habitual topic has identified the cause of global change and development as a result of technology development that has allowed for the expansion of communication and travel. Cultures have been integrated in the sense that we are all connected through a similar thread that is the internet, where we can share information and discover and solve problems. As a result of this, we are get out educated through the consummation of knowledge that has been shared through this medium and thus have a better understanding of global issued that are being solve through design. It can be said that every aspect of our stretch forths have been designed as we are constantly looking for ways to simplify our lives, mainly through technology.However, it is through this ever-growing advancement in technology that we have made our lives and therefore our economies and to some extent of which I intent to determine, our cultures complex and thus integrated. Jarzombek and Hwangbo (Global in a not so Global World.sa) base their theory on globalisation th rough what they see as the integration of modern and tradition and how cultural relevancy has been modernised to the extent that tradition is seemingly extinct. Examples of Eastern and Asian Architecture are used here to explain how politics and global integration can determine what is built and for what purpose a building takes on, regardless of the socio-economic situation or cultural effect that will occur. Although this article shows a bias argument, it is the issue of how cultural relevance has taken the back fall to global change in indicant and political battles that are of a result of globalisation that is of interest as this can determine how culture in terms of design is at risk.Therefore, it can be said that our lives are designed according to these changes as Marcus. G. H (What is Design Today.2002) asks the question What is Good Design? which can lead to an infinite rove of answers that are determined by the individual. It is however my interest in Marcus take on how each aspect of design, from industrial to product design, relates to each other and forms a correlation that will affect each other as a result.Archer. B.L (Design Awareness.1974) similarly discusses creativity and how design is brought about. Elements of design from corporate strategy to consumer demand and counterpoint issues in design are explained in a simplified way which break down design into a logical format from creativity and themes to how and wherefore designs are brought into effect and the global process that either demands or supplies influence on new design. However, it is the effect on society and heritage that is discussed in a business like format, which is of interest as Archer gives perspective on the global effect of design and why consumers are a part of the change.This leads to the idea of the consumer based society whereby we show demand for new products especially in technology and as a result we are affecting what is designed and produced and how we live our lives. Clay. R.(Beautiful Thing.2009) uses examples of art and design to correlate the relationships in all forms of creativity and therefore delves into the evolution of design and how this has effect on culture. Design in relation to our personal upbringings and where we live in todays society coincides on design decisions we make and why and how the human condition has evolved and changes with technology and global issues that are being discovered and solved through design. Cultural influences are debated through examples of clich designs and how these design methods have influenced design today and in what direction design is taking in modern society which will further more change culture and society which serves as the underlying issue of this research.On a similar chord, while dealing with culture of a region or geographic whereby consumers can be influenced through design, symbols and signs play a role in what is attractive or desirable in design. Culture can be describe d as familiarity and it is that which shows difference in culture and therefore design takes inspiration from this. Saleh M. (The use of historic symbols in coeval planning and design*. 1998) explains that The meanings in symbols can be benefitd from three distinct forms of interaction first, the ascription of economic and intellectual status to an object as a result of historical discourse second, through use of an object when mediated by the cultural sphere and third, when exchange values are transformed to sign values, as citisens, designers or decision makers interfere with the meaning of a landmark under cultural, economic and political relations of production and therefore introduces the realm of exemplary relation between culture and design and therefore how globally this relationship has been affected, of which the intention is to determine.Significance of ResearchMy preliminary research has indicated that this topic is relevant in correlation to what is already known and it is the intention to further my knowledge of both cultures around the world as well as design that relates to culture and heritage. I have always been interested in travel and how other people live and moving to a new country has expanded my interest as I have learnt how people in South Africa live and how different the various cultures are. Language has also been a significant as I have learnt three languages that I would consider to be beneficial to my intended travel plans, and through language I have learnt that there is culture and heritage that is connected to a language a topic that I could incorporate into my research paper.As it is my intention to research further into the implications of globalisation in relation to cultural changes and how this has influenced or been influential on design, I see this topic to be relevant to todays society and in relation to South African design.Research methodological analysisThough the current literature review, the topic of interest is placed into what is already known and it is my intention to further my research through the following questions and therefore derive a chapter outline for my proposed research paperWhat is globalisation?How have cultures changed?What determined these changes?How has design changed?What has determined these changes?Does globalisation determine design change? How?Does design change determine cultural change? How?

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

The Canterbury Tales is a collection of accounts about a journey pilgrims made to and from the Canterbury Cathedral, calm by British writer Geoffrey Chaucer in the late 1300s. Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of English as a literary language and extended the kitchen range of its poetic vocabulary and meters (Encarta 1). In the tales, the host offers a contest to the pilgrims which requiresthem to tell four stories during their trip . Chaucer ingeniously integrates the episodes with one another and also resplendently describes the personality, behavior, and popular way of life of a variety of aspects of society in the Medieval Ages. The Canterbury Tales consists of twenty-four tales, two of which are unfinished. One of these unfinished accounts is the Tale of Sir Thopas.The Tale of Sir Thopas begins with the cashier describing a fair and gallant knight who is from the far country of Flanders. It continues on characterizing this knight, Sir Thopas, as a handsome man who was skilled at hunting, horse riding, wrestling, and archery. all(prenominal) of the woman of the land longed for him, but Sir Thopas forsake all of them. thusly one day, riding through the forest, the knight hears beautiful birds singing songs of love. Upon hearing this, Sir Thopas hurries to ride off because his heart is sore as there is no woman in the world to his make. The knight then recalls a dream he had where his darling would be an elf-queen. He continued riding until he found a secret place called the Land of Faery. There he met a great giant whose surname was Sir Oliphant. The giant threatened Sir Thopas to leave the land where the Queen of Faery resides or he would be killed. After hearing this Sir Thopas answered that when he has his armor both of them would stir to the death. This scene is an example of howChaucer Gives the Tale of Sir Thopas a hilarious send-up as opposed to other more serious tales that indirectly disparage English literature (Payne 33). Sir Thopa s returned to his land where he prepared himself for his battle against the giant. His merry men cheered him with tales of old romances, they brought him sweet wine, a royal spicery of ginger bread, and fine linen to cover himself. Then he dressed himself in ornate armor. He had a spear of fine cypress wood, a saddle of rewel bone, and a shield of solid gold.