Musicals essays

Musicals expositions Initially an interruption from the detestations of war during the 1940s and 1950s, the American Musical developed in ubiquity all through the twentieth century. The melodic joins acting, moving, and singing to frame durable pictures that are as yet prized today. The melodic requires a communitarian exertion between all components of the film, regardless of whether melodic or not. The verses, music, and move need to order with the plot, impacts, and portrayal to make a film worth viewing. Stars of the American Musical must have the option to act, sing, and regularly move, so as to get a section in a film. Musicals should consistently interest a scope of individuals, from a 5-year-old to a 85-year-old, to ensure watchers. The melodic consistently has infectious playful tunes or moderate ditties that the audience can chime in to, which gives increasingly mass intrigue. A portion of the more typical topics in melodic performance center incorporate wistfulness, the Cinderella story, authenticity, and adjustments of writing. The wistfulness subject is found in Oklahoma!, Carousel, and Showboat. The Cinderella story is spoken to by The King and I, The Sound of Music, and My Fair Lady. Authenticity can be seen in Annie Get Your Gun, The Unsinkable Molly Brown, and Newsies, which were completely founded on real occasions from an earlier time. A few musicals that depend on writing incorporate The Phantom of the Opera, Jesus Christ Superstar, Jekyll The American Musical has experienced numerous progressions since turning into a mainstream film sort. Early musicals were American adaptations of the English Operetta, for example, The Student Prince. After this, certified American Musicals were made, for example, Annie Get Your Gun and Porgy and Bess. At that point came practical musicals, for example, South Pacific and Camelot, which were musicals with topics that the vast majority could identify with on the grounds that they were increasingly authentic, or in reality evident stories. Before long, even more up to date ways to deal with the American Musical were created ... <!

Lewis Carroll Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Lewis Carroll Argumentative Essay DuPont 1JabberwockyLewis CarrollJabberwocky: Sense or NonsenseTwas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe;All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe. Be careful the Jabberwock, my sonThe jaws that nibble, the paws that catch!Beware the Jubjub winged animal, and shunThe frumious Bandersnatch!He took his vorpal blade in hand;Long time the manxome enemy he soughtSo rested he by the Tumtum tree,And stood for a little while in thought. Furthermore, as in uffish thought he stood,The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,And burbied as it came!DuPont 2One, two! One, two! Also, through and throughThe vorpal sharp edge went chuckle snack!He left it dead, and with its headHe went galumphing back. Furthermore, hast thou killed the Jabberwock?Come to my arms, my beamish boy!O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!He laughed in his euphoria. Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe;All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe. 1886DuPont 3ParaphraseIn endeavoring to reword this specific sonnet it must be viewed as that it got from a book composed simply of garbage. A considerable lot of the words in this sonnet are the own making of the creator and just he knows the genuine understanding. Be that as it may, a portion of the words have been portrayed in the book and others in letters by the writer. The expressions of the past sonnet are regularly a blend of two, possibly three words, all put into one, while others are simply babble and for the beguilement of the peruser. Taking everything into account, here is an endeavor at a line by line reword of the sonnet Jabberwocky. Jabberwocky: Sense or NonsenseIt was evening, and the smooth dynamic badgersWere scratching and drilling openings in the slope side;All troubled were the parrots;And the grave turtles squeaked outBeware of the Jabberwock, my son!Of its jaws that nibble, and its paws that catch!Be mindful of the Jubjub fowl, and shunThe raging and enraged Bandersnatch!He took his compelling blade in hand:For quite a while he looked for after his adversary from the Isle of Man-So he rested by the Tumtum tree,And remained there some time in thoughtDuPont 4And, as in uffish(a perspective when the voice is gruffish, the way roughish and the temper huffish idea he stoodThe Jabberwock, with fire in his eyes,Came blowing flimsily in short puffs through the tall and foggy wood,And it bleated, mumbled, and chattered as it came One, two! One, two! Also, through and throughThe forceful sharp edge was utilized in battle!He left it dead, and with its headHe went triumphantly jogging backAnd have you killed the Jab berwock?Come to my arms, my emanating son!O spectacular and euphoric day! Delightful! Great! Fair!He laughed and grunted in his bliss. It was evening, and the smooth dynamic badgersWere scratching and drilling gaps in the slope side;All despondent were the parrots;And the grave turtles squeaked outDuPont 5Blake DuPontMs. BennerWorld Lit. 2 November 2001Everyone as a kid tuned in to their folks read them pixie tells and fanciful stories. Regardless of whether the kid comprehended the story he realized he delighted in it. Alice in Wonderland is one of the most well known childrens stories. Despite the fact that half of the composing didn't bode well the peruser would at present be intrigued and engaged. To completely comprehend the works of Lewis Carroll, an individual must glance at his past, get assessments from different writers and arrive at a resolution on their own whether Carroll was a rubbish essayist or talented childrens author. To plainly comprehend Carrolls composing and structure their own sentiment, one must comprehend his past. Lewis Carroll, officially Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, was conceived at Daresbury, Cheshire, on January 27, 1832. His folks were Charles and Frances Dodgson. His dad was a minister. He was the most established of 11 kids. Every single through greetings life he wanted to compose, and take photos. He was an English mathematician and author. Taught at Rugby and Christ Church, Oxford, where he spent the remainder of his life(Blake 63). He was minister in the Church of England, as a kid he experienced various physical afflictions. As a kid, he was liable to disparage because of a stammer causing an independent bashfulness with his companions. He was likewise left-gave which was viewed as a correctable issue during the Victorian Era. Youthful Dodgson would work with different masters to address the two his stammer and his left-hand use, however the main genuine exercise he DuPont 6learned was the inclination that something was wrong' (Blake 65) . He communicated his feeling of removal with the similarity of attempting to fit a right-hand foot/into a left-hand shoe (Carroll 189) . These issues made Dodgson pull back from his friends, and, consequently, he never fully aced the craft of identifying with young men of his age. Mankind And Politics In Gullivers Travels EssayDuPont 11BibliographyBlake, Kathleen Lewis Carroll. Word reference of Literary Biography. Ed. Ira B. Nadel, William E. Fredeman. Fire up. Ed. 18 vols. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1983Carroll, Lewis. Alice in Wonderland. Norton Critical Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1992. Carroll, Lewis, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000http://encarta.msn.com 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights held. Connell, Kate. Opium as a Possible impact upon Alice Books 22 Mar 2000. The Victorian Web. http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/victov.html. Egoff, Sheila A. Universes Within: Childrens Fantasy from the Middle Ages to Today. Chicago: American Library Association, 1988. Empson, William. Alice in Wonderland: The Child as Swain. 1935. World Literature Criticism, 1500 to the Present. Ed. James P. Draper. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1992. 634-35. Sewell, Elizabeth. The Field of Nonsense London: Chatto and Windus LTD., 1952. Smith, Karen Lewis Carroll. Word reference Literary Biography. Ed. Meena Khorana. Fire up. ed. 163 vols. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Inc., 1996

A Study of Step 2 of the 12 Steps Faith

A Study of Step 2 of the 12 Steps Faith More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Many whose lives are impacted by the family disease of alcoholism find hope again once they place their faith in a power greater than themselves. This is Step 2 of the 12 Steps: Step 2 Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. Many members of Alcoholics Anonymous or Al-Anon Family Groups come into the program with a strong faith in God, and with the encouragement of other members of the fellowship soon learn to apply that faith to the situations in their lives created by alcoholism. With the wisdom provided by the program, the friendship, and support of other members, the healing process begins with the help of a loving God, as they understand him. Agnostics and Atheists and Step 2 Others who are introduced to the 12-step programs are agnostics or atheists, who reject the concept of a deity. Many are turned off by even the mention of the word God and some bristle at even hints of anything spiritual. But, as it says in the book, Alcoholics Anonymous, in the chapter entitled We Agnostics, we beg you to lay aside prejudice... and give the program a chance. The 12-step programs are spiritual, not religious. There is no mention of religious beliefs, doctrine, or dogma in the meetings or in the approved literature. Members are not required to accept someone elses concept of God, only to trust that there is a power greater than themselves however they wish to describe it or understand it. It seems to be a spiritual truth, that before a higher power can begin to operate, one must first believe that it can. You have to believe it, to receive it. Millions of program members through the years, who finally came to believe have found themselves amazed to find that power at work in their lives in seemingly miraculous ways. The Faithful and Step 2 For those who are strong in their religious faith, Step 2 can also present a challenge. If you have a conviction as to the nature of God, it can be disconcerting to hear higher power being used rather than God. You may have difficulty in accepting the nature of that higher power for other members of the group. Hearing that its okay to use a doorknob for a higher power if thats how you understand it, can be hard to accept. You may even find it offensive. However, to give a 12-step program a chance, you need to restrain that reaction and not let it block using the 12-step process. Religious prejudice can get in the way. Experiences of Step 2 Members of various 12-step groups  have shared their experience, strength, and hope on each of the steps. Here are some of their stories. Carol tells of how she was raised in a family who was active in their church. When she attempted sobriety, she returned to her church. Slowly, I found that the God in my religion has a special face he shows only to drunks. And I found Him in the rooms of Alcoholics Anonymous. He is there,  waiting for us to ask for his help. Faith is the foundation of my AA life.Sox was prompted to attend a meeting by reading the This is AA pamphlet. I called one of the major clubs in my area and went to a meeting that night. But it was obvious to me that I had turned to God first, and then took Step 1. I knew that my life was insane and I knew there was a power greater than myself, but until that moment, I had always resented God for butting in where He wasnt wanted. Now I wanted Him, and sure enough, He led me to where I needed to be.Buddy, an Al-Anon member, says, At my first meeting, after reading some of the literature, I made the comment that I had a problem with the higher power references. Af ter that meeting, a long-time member came up to me and said. Im not saying to forget your religious beliefs, but just put them on hold for a while and give Al-Anon a chance. There was great wisdom what she told me. And if she had not taken the time to tell me that, I probably would have never come back and it would have been me who missed out on so much that God had in store for me. All the wisdom, help, friendship, encouragement, and spiritual growth that I have found in Al-Anon, I would have missed because of my own religious prejudices. So, my suggestion to newcomers is the same that I received: put your religious beliefs, or unbelief on hold and give the whole program a chance. Because Al-Anon is not a religious program, but a spiritual one.

Social Justice Action Project, Britnee And I Interviewed...

For the Social Justice Action Project, Britnee and I interviewed college students in the Northeast region who revealed their views on the Black Lives Matter Movement, racial injustice, and racial profiling. We had wanted to inform people of what the Black Lives Matter Movement stood for and tackle some of the myths and misconceptions of what the organization represented. In the process, the interviewees have expressed their feelings of how today’s society is blinded by irrational thinking and biased beliefs. This project have made us realize that people often blame the movement of being inconsiderate to all lives matter, relating the movement to the â€Å"armed and dangerous† Black Panthers, and the never-ending issues of police-to-black killings. We have chosen this topic for many reasons. For one, it is a topic that we both have had deep interest and compassion for. It is a discussion that is often skewed by media and not addressed enough to the public and the governm ent. Many people would sweep this issue of racial inequality under the rug and is not seen as a problem to many. Moreover, it is a constant reoccurring issue in the Black community where police brutality has become systematic. Stories such as Trayvon Martin, Tamir Rice ad Michael Brown are examples of the standards where police misconduct is minimal. Accused cops are often rarely prosecuted for their actions and their cases are often dismissed since prosecutors and juries tend to believe cops. Minorities,

The Impact Of Ray Charles On American Culture - 1164 Words

The impact that Ray Charles has had on American culture is nearly indescribable. Although unable to see, he was successful in making his artistic visions come to life by fusing the sounds of blues, gospel, jazz, and RB, making him one of the leading soul artists of the 1950s. The legendary musician is recognized for being a pillar in the industry, credited with making strides in desegregating musical genres. Although he composed many of his early hits, Charles is considered to be an interpreter of music, offering his distinct personal vision of many classics. Over the course of his career, which spanned five decades, he recorded over 60 albums and sold millions of records worldwide. Ray Charles was born on Sept. 23, 1930, in Albany, Georgia, and grew up in Greenville, Florida. At the young age of five, he began losing his sight, and became completely blind by the time he was seven. However, this did not hinder Ray Charles at all, as he continued to persevere in developing his mus ical talents. One of the most unique aspects of Ray Charles was his unparalleled ability to crossover different genres of music. He mixed together genres such as blues, jazz, gospel, RB, pop, and even country. With this integration, he created smash hits such as â€Å"I Got a Woman,† â€Å"Hit the Road Jack,† and â€Å"I Can’t Stop Loving You.† When a listener listens close enough to one of Charles’ songs, aspects of the various styles he incorporated can be heard not only through the way the lyrics areShow MoreRelatedImpact of Music on Culture Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesfound. The 2004 motion picture Ray chronicles the life of Ray Charles. The film takes place from 1948 to 1979 and epitomizes the social impact of the music of Ray Charles. It shows how society shaped the music of Ray Charles, and additionally how Ray Charles and his music shaped society. One clear focus in the film was the importance of music to Ray Charles. The raw passion Ray Charles shows for his music adds to the musical meaning of his work. One Ray Charles song with an important musicalRead More`` Design Is For Living ``1601 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Design is for living†. The adage fashioned a widespread shift in design during the 1940s and 1950s. It revolutionized the form by creating an electrifying visual language that signaled a new age and a fresh start- two of the powerhouses were Charles and Ray Eames. The Eameses were a husband and wife team whose unique synergy led to a whole new expression in furniture and architecture. The couple advocated the principles of Modernism through the adaptation of innova ¬tion from wartime technology .TheirRead MoreAfrican American Music Culture1490 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Music Culture Jakiella James â€Å"African-American gospel music is a major influence in nearly all genres of modern popular music, from rhythm ‘n blues to jazz, from soul to rock ‘n roll. The musical genre is a unique expression of the black experience in America? The emotionally-charged, wailing vocals and syncopated rhythms give the music a distinctive style. The singing is accompanied not only by instrumentals, but often also by hand-clapping, foot-stomping and shoutingRead MoreImpact of Rhythm and Blues on African-American Culture Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluential genres of music within the African American Culture, and has evolved over many decades in style and sound. Emerging in the late 1940s rhythm and blues, sometimes called jump blues, became dominant black popular music during and after WWII. Rhythm and blues artists often sung about love, relationships, life troubles, and sometimes focused on segregation and race struggles. Rhythm and blues helped embody what was unique about black American culture and validate it as something distinctive andRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages What it Means to be Black In 2016, society is at a place where people are able to discover tons of information at the touch of a finger; this indeed can impact on how we view common things in society, such as identity. This statement holds true for â€Å"blacks† or African Americans as well. The stigma that comes with being black has been around for centuries; however, many blacks are using social media to combat negativity. In an era predicated on the use of the internet, black people have proven toRead MoreShould Television Programs Be Banned?1743 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as Malaysian Idol based off of American Idol. (Halim, 2004) Eventually, the Malaysian government began taking a stand. They began banning certain films and programs from being aired, such as American film, Bruce Almighty. The Malaysian government banned this movie because they believed it would impact people’s belief on God and religion. (Hamid) They also implemented a rule that determined that 80% of TV programs must be local, placing a barrier on American media imported to Malaysia. They willRead MoreAmerican Culture Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesOne could say that America has changed all other cultures around the world. America brought the world, cars, computers and the assembly line. But one of the most important things that America has given all other cultures is music (Crawford, 58). From the jazzy tunes of New Orleans to the soulful Native American Music, they have all changed the way others due business. Without Americas additions to these cultures, music would be very different compared to the multitude of music that America hasRead MoreThe Legacy Of Soul Music1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthe music industry. This may be due to the fact that soul has had a huge impact upon other genres. Shuker defines soul as a â€Å"secular version of gospel, soul was the major black musical form of the 1960s and 1970s and remained evident in various hybrid styles since, for example, contemporary neo-soul and soul jazz (312). The history of soul music is notable for producing a range of artists who have assisted African-American societies with societal and political issues through the rise and fall ofRead MoreOrigins Of Today s Music1546 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween blues and jazz music. Blues and jazz are musical genres, or styles, which are considered American musical traditions. Blues and jazz are related because the roots of jazz are from the blues and they both originated from the American south, invented and practiced by African-Americans. Although they are related, they have distinct differences, both culturally and musically. These two genres still impact the music that is heard today, and the confusion of telling the two apart is because of the numerousRead MoreAnalysis Of The Memo On The American Advertising Agency Network936 Words   |  4 PagesThis memo comprises a detail summary of BBDO, which is a major American advertising agency network. The memo serves a purpose of providing a clear understanding of the factors that result in its large-scale size and vast recognition by the public. In order to identify its role and impact on the American and global advertising industry, the memo will focus on 5 sections summary of BBDO, which is its history, general profile, areas of specialty, key advertising campaigns, and important contributions

Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry Free Essays

Relationship between algal cover and water chemistry in rockroses Mad Mukluks Mad Midair ABSTRACT Interstitial Rockford is one of the harshest environment in marine ecosystem. Most of the organisms living in it has to have adoptions to survive in harsh conditions, especially algal. A research was done to see if biotic factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH value could have a significant correlation with total percentage of algal cover. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initial hypothesis was dissolved oxygen and pH value are correlated to total algal cover. Each pool sample’s water hammiest were measured and tested for 2 day period. The correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is weak, proving that dissolved oxygen is not fairly important, where pH value has stronger correlation than the other chemical property tested. Most of the rockroses observed has high percentage cover of coralline algal. INTRODUCTION Rocky shore are coastal shores that are consists of hard substrates. It is regarded as the most ecological part of the marine system (Library et al, 2012). Rocky shore has three zone; low, mid and high with variety of communities living on each interstitial matrix (Phenylalanine’s, 2007). High interstitial zone has rockroses and go to several months without being replenished from the seawater (McAllen Taylor, 2001). Interstitial Rockford have a relative stable environment where that has few changes in terms of physical conditions when the water reaches low tide (Kemp, 2009). Both McAllen Taylor (2001) and Berkshire et al (1987) stated that rockroses undergoes many extreme physic-chemical conditions and few organisms are able to live in rockroses. These biotic factors have a significant influence in community dynamics and population (Theatrical, 2002). Thus, it has large abundance of specialized tax vying in rockroses, such as algae (Murals, 2013). The water chemistry of rockroses fluctuates rapidly when low tide, particularly oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity is important for algae, whereas oxygen concentration and pH value is produced by algae. Oxygen is important to all living organism and the availability of oxygen in rockroses is low, which can lead to hypoxia to organisms living in it (Berkshire et al, 1987). However, high algal cover could increase the saturation level of oxygen in rockroses, but there is little research done on hyperemia on rockroses. Algae requires sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which in return produce more oxygen in rockroses. It will also produce hydrogen, which makes the Rockford more acidic. Temperature is also important, because the temperature in rockroses is relatively higher than normal seawater temperature. Increasing temperature could affect the algae in terms of physiology and actions of algae (Library et al, 2012). According to Kemp (2009), increasing water temperature can be caused by long exposure from sunlight and also the location of Rockford. In a study done by Kemp at the coast of South Africa, he water temperature in rockroses were ranging from low ICC to high ICC during peak hours. Nowhere (1998) specified that sunlight has a tremendous effect on primary production in the aquatic system in rockroses. Salinity also can affect the water chemistry of rockroses. The changing level salinity of rockroses are varied according to location and geographically and it can be caused either by input from seawater during high tide, evaporation and terrestrial runoff or rainfall (Kemp, 2009). Ended et al (2014) showed that salinity has large role in terms of species richness in rockroses. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the total algal cover is being affected by the water chemistry in rockroses during low tide. The aim of this experiment is to observe the relationships between algal cover and water chemistry, especially dissolved oxygen concentration. I expected to see high level of oxygen saturation in rockroses due to photosynthesis. I also expecting high algal cover in alkaline rockroses. Since there is few fauna living in rockroses, I do not take them as measurement in this experiment because I more interested in functional algal group. From this, I deduced a hypothesis for this experiment. The hypothesis is percentage of algal cover is positively correlated with pH value and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with salinity and temperature. METHOD Location The study site was at Cape Palliates, southern most point in North Island and the experiment ran for three days, from February 1st to February 3rd 2014. Pool sample A transect line of 50 meter was laid out across the high rocky shore and began find suitable Rockford samples. I try to locate good pools sample with pool criteria of a depth of 1 CM, area around 2-mm and the presence of algal cover per pool. I assure depth of each pool by measuring the depth 3 times at different deepest point in the pool to obtain an average depth. The length of the pool is measured across by a measuring tape. A total of twelve pools that quite meet the measuring criteria similar were marked at high shore in a two day period. As a reference, one pool sample from lower rocky shore was marked and measured to compare water chemistry only. After pools were marked, a CACM x CACM quadrant were put on the pool, a Perspex glass layer with 25 random points were put on top of the quadrant. The quadrant is used to measure percentage of algal cover and functional algal cover y using point intercept method. Each pool sample has it chemical properties measured on the 2nd and 3rd of February Measurement of oxygen concentration Measurement of oxygen concentration was made by using a portable oxygen measurer that is measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of salinity Measurement of Rockford salinity was made by using a refractors. The salinity was measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of temperature The temperature of the Rockford was measured by using a simple thermometer twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of pH value The pH value of the Rockford is measured using a pH meter and measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. However, while measuring the chemical properties of Rockford, I discovered that 5 out the 12 pool sample has geographical problems, such as drainage, constant terrestrial runoff and shadowed that will alter findings. It was decided that problem pool samples was not counted, and 7 remaining sample is used for the experiment. Statistical analysis I used ASS Enterprise Guide 5. 1 to obtain the linear regression to see the relationship between algal cover with 4 water chemistry; percentage of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH value. I also will use ASS to obtain the p-value of each correlation, regression (RE) and F ratio for each correlation. RESULTS Table 1 : measurement of water chemistry of pool sample at low tide after being exposed Pool sample pH value Temperature (co) salinity (US) How to cite Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry, Papers Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry Free Essays string(85) " reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment\." Intertribal Rockford is one of the harshest environment in marine ecosystem. Most of the organisms living in it has to have adoptions to survive in harsh conditions, especially algal. A research was done to see if biotic factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH value could have a significant correlation with total percentage of algal cover. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initial hypothesis was dissolved oxygen and pH value are correlated to total algal cover. Each pool sample’s water hammiest were measured and tested for 2 day period. The correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is weak, proving that dissolved oxygen is not fairly important, where pH value has stronger correlation than the other chemical property tested. Most of the rockroses observed has high percentage cover of coralline algal. INTRODUCTION Rocky shore are coastal shores that are consists of hard substrates. It is regarded as the most ecological part of the marine system (Library et al, 2012). Rocky shore has three zone; low, mid and high with variety of communities living on each intertribal matrix (Phenylalanine’s, 2007). High intertribal zone has rockroses and go to several months without being replenished from the seawater (McAllen Taylor, 2001). Intertribal Rockford have a relative stable environment where that has few changes in terms of physical conditions when the water reaches low tide (Kemp, 2009). Both McAllen Taylor (2001) and Berkshire et al (1987) stated that rockroses undergoes many extreme physic-chemical conditions and few organisms are able to live in rockroses. These biotic factors have a significant influence in community dynamics and population (Theatrical, 2002). Thus, it has large abundance of specialized tax vying in rockroses, such as algae (Murals, 2013). The water chemistry of rockroses fluctuates rapidly when low tide, particularly oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity is important for algae, whereas oxygen concentration and pH value is produced by algae. Oxygen is important to all living organism and the availability of oxygen in rockroses is low, which can lead to hypoxia to organisms living in it (Berkshire et al, 1987). However, high algal cover could increase the saturation level of oxygen in rockroses, but there is little research done on hyperemia on rockroses. Algae requires sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which in return produce more oxygen in rockroses. It will also produce hydrogen, which makes the Rockford more acidic. Temperature is also important, because the temperature in rockroses is relatively higher than normal seawater temperature. Increasing temperature could affect the algae in terms of physiology and actions of algae (Library et al, 2012). According to Kemp (2009), increasing water temperature can be caused by long exposure from sunlight and also the location of Rockford. In a study done by Kemp at the coast of South Africa, he water temperature in rockroses were ranging from low ICC to high ICC during peak hours. Northern (1998) specified that sunlight has a tremendous effect on primary production in the aquatic system in rockroses. Salinity also can affect the water chemistry of rockroses. The changing level salinity of rockroses are varied according to location and geographically and it can be caused either by input from seawater during high tide, evaporation and terrestrial runoff or rainfall (Kemp, 2009). Ended et al (2014) showed that salinity has large role in terms of species richness in rockroses. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the total algal cover is being affected by the water chemistry in rockroses during low tide. The aim of this experiment is to observe the relationships between algal cover and water chemistry, especially dissolved oxygen concentration. I expected to see high level of oxygen saturation in rockroses due to photosynthesis. I also expecting high algal cover in alkaline rockroses. Since there is few fauna living in rockroses, I do not take them as measurement in this experiment because I more interested in functional algal group. From this, I deduced a hypothesis for this experiment. The hypothesis is percentage of algal cover is positively correlated with pH value and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with salinity and temperature. METHOD Location The study site was at Cape Palliates, southern most point in North Island and the experiment ran for three days, from February 1st to February 3rd 2014. Pool sample A transect line of 50 meter was laid out across the high rocky shore and began find suitable Rockford samples. I try to locate good pools sample with pool criteria of a depth of 1 CM, area around 2-mm and the presence of algal cover per pool. I assure depth of each pool by measuring the depth 3 times at different deepest point in the pool to obtain an average depth. The length of the pool is measured across by a measuring tape. A total of twelve pools that quite meet the measuring criteria similar were marked at high shore in a two day period. As a reference, one pool sample from lower rocky shore was marked and measured to compare water chemistry only. After pools were marked, a CACM x CACM quadrant were put on the pool, a Perspex glass layer with 25 random points were put on top of the quadrant. The quadrant is used to measure percentage of algal cover and functional algal cover y using point intercept method. Each pool sample has it chemical properties measured on the 2nd and 3rd of February Measurement of oxygen concentration Measurement of oxygen concentration was made by using a portable oxygen measurer that is measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. You read "Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry" in category "Papers" Measurement of salinity Measurement of Rockford salinity was made by using a refractors. The salinity was measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of temperature The temperature of the Rockford was measured by using a simple thermometer twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of pH value The pH value of the Rockford is measured using a pH meter and measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. However, while measuring the chemical properties of Rockford, I discovered that 5 out the 12 pool sample has geographical problems, such as drainage, constant terrestrial runoff and shadowed that will alter findings. It was decided that problem pool samples was not counted, and 7 remaining sample is used for the experiment. Statistical analysis I used ASS Enterprise Guide 5. 1 to obtain the linear regression to see the relationship between algal cover with 4 water chemistry; percentage of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH value. I also will use ASS to obtain the p-value of each correlation, regression (RE) and F ratio for each correlation. RESULTS Table 1 : measurement of water chemistry of pool sample at low tide after being exposed Pool sample pH value Temperature (co) salinity (ISIS) Dissolved oxygen (%) 8. 4 28 40. 5 266. 1 2 7. 8 239. 4 3 8. 6 26 37 260. 7 4 7. 7 25 134. 6 5 8. 3 29 185. 1 6 7. 6 50 174. 2 7 7. 5 19 110. 7 Table 2: List of functional algal group calculated in pool samples in percentage (%) with mean value Rockford Crosses Filament Coralline Leathery Bare rock Foliose Algal cover 6. 68 46. 68 29. 32 17. 32 82. 68 34. 68 12 9. 32 56 24 92 37. 32 49. 36 50. 64 6. 7 45. 3 21 . 3 33. 3 66. 7 1. 3 38. 7 Mean 15. 997 16. 95 32. 28 5. 14 28. 56 0. 95 Figure 1: in algal cover (%) against dissolved oxygen (%) shows the p-value is 0. 1865, RE is 0. 3189 and Fl,5 is 2. 4. Based on the shatterproof and RE, we can see that the correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is significantly positive. Figure 2: algal cover (%) against salinity (US) shows that the p-value is 0. 3108, RE is 0. 2026 and Fl is 1. 27. From the shatterproof, it is clearly that there is no significant interaction between the two. The regression equation (RE) is also supports th at no significant correlation. Figure 3: Algal cover (%) with water temperature (co) with p-value of 0. 3703, RE is 0. 1622 and Fl is 0. 97. Based on the regression equation RE, there is no significant interaction between the two. This is also can be seen in the shatterproof above. Figure 4: Algal cover (%) against pH value with p-value 0. 0086, RE is 0. 7776 and Fl is 17. 48. Since RE is close to 1, we can say there is a strong positive correlation between the two. PH value has a stronger correlation compared to other water chemistry properties tested. DISCUSSION From all the correlations done with algal cover (%), it is clear that the correlation between algal cover (%) and pH value has the strongest and positive correlation between the two (see Figure 4). The regression equation also validate the shatterproof RE = 0. 7776). From figure 4, we can concluded that the percentage of algal cover is higher if the water pH value is alkali (pH 7). Two reasons on why algal cover is high; because of the importance of carbon dioxide (CA) in photosynthesis, as it requires carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis and respiration, because CA is product released from photosynthesis. This can be seen a relatively same study that was conducted by Oligarchies (2013) where increased CA in Rockford enhances the metabolism of algae Alva. His findings was expected from him, that higher argental of CA encourages photosynthesis of the algae, which is an important food source for algae to use as energy source (Oligarchies et al, 2013). There is few studies done on pH value having an effect on algal cover in rockroses. Our initial hypothesis of where dissolved oxygen having a profound effect on algal cover is no longer accepted because regression equation is low (RE = 0. 3189) and the shatterproof supports it in figure 1, therefore the correlation is weak. In table 1, the percentage of dissolved oxygen is incredibly high (mean average = 195. 2%), where the water is in a indention called hyperemia, but the total algal cover was low. However, Noel et al (2010) shows that supersaturated level of oxygen constrain photosynthesis for primary production and therefore, the rate decreases. Little is known why high dissolved oxygen has no profound effect on algal growth, since most study is focused on the effect of oxygen to intert ribal fishes and crustaceans, where Berkshire et al (1987) and McAllen Taylor (2001) studied. The role of water temperature affecting total algal cover has no significant correlation between the two (Figure 3). The regression value is significantly low (RE = 0. 22). Based on the data obtained, temperature has no effect to total algal cover. This could because the water temperature is always constant, as it increasing in a slow rate when there is a presence of sunlight, and the temperature can drop rapidly when high tide approaches to recycle the water trapped in rockroses (Berkshire et al, 1987). However, temperature might have an impact on total algal cover if experiment was done longer, especially on cold and warm seasons. Jackson et al (2013) stated that the temperature of the rockroses during warm season would increase the stress level in he rockroses compared to colder season. The effect of salinity (us) to total algal cover has small effect because it has weak correlation as seen in figure 2 (RE – 0. 2026). There are many study done between salinity and Rockford fishes and crustaceans, but there is no sufficient study on the effects to algal cover. Of all the functional algal cover we observed and classified in Table 2, most of the pool sample has high percentage of coralline algae (mean = 32. 28%) and one of the most well studied algal group living in rockroses. Coralline algae (Chronological) is often found t the edges of rockroses and it is the most dominant group of algae, which has tremendous roles in shallow waters in term of biologically and ecologically (Selenologist et al, 2013; Noisiest et al, 2013; Gunter Marten, 2014). According to a study done by Gunter Marten (2014), coralline algae are able to tolerate extreme water condition, especially temperature and light. From all the data and results, the initial hypothesis of pH value and dissolved oxygen having a strong correlation is half accepted, since dissolved oxygen is has an insignificant correlation with coral cover. For the hypothesis of negative correlation that was tested on Rockford salinity and temperature is accepted. Even though the experiment went well, the data obtained from this is still inadequate. For instance, only 7 pool sample is used, where the normality of data is not meet. The study period is also affecting the data, since monitoring fluctuations of water chemistry composition varied rapidly. Recommendations for increasing the quality of experiment is having a longer study period. This can obtained more accurate data from more pool sample. How to cite Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry, Papers

The freedom to carry it forward Essay Example For Students

The freedom to carry it forward Essay All private actions were submitted to a severe surveillance. No importance was given to individual independence, neither in relation to opinions, nor to labour, nor above all to religion Thus, among the ancients the individual, almost always sovereign in public affairs, was a slave in all his private relations4 This is what the ancients deemed to be free, that is free from rule by a sovereign, but a shared sovereignty between the citizens of the state. It had particular emphasis on participation in the daily affairs of the state and on decision making for the state. This shared sovereignty was crucial towards the ancient democracy because of the bellicose nature of the states during that period of time. He showed that ancient liberty formed because there was no real freedom from coercion from other states. Constant saw modern democracies as very different from those of the ancients and that it embraced different ideals and operated differently. The most important point with modern democracies is that it worked through a representative function in society. We will write a custom essay on The freedom to carry it forward specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The underlying difference could be seen through a pragmatic view that modern states are incredibly large and thus direct democracies on a daily basis would not only be disruptive to daily life but also impossible. All ancient republics were restricted to a narrow territory. The most populous, the most powerful, the most substantial among them, was not equal in extension to the smallest of modern states. 5 Furthermore, in ancient democracies, there was no universal suffrage and enfranchisement of most citizens thus it was not necessary for there to be a representative democracy. Representative democracy was a product of pragmatism and a market driven economy based on commerce. States today are very much driven by the market economy, and thus individuals are more self interested in their own affairs. Citizens of the modern state are more concerned with their liberty to be left to their own devices where they could engage in their own economic activities rather than to deliberate on a constant basis in the political sphere. Constant believed that the stability and beneficence of modern liberty was based on three distinct judgements: the civilising impact and evident mutual advantage of international economic exchange, the effective military security of all relatively commercialised societies against military threats from pre-commercial societies, and the manifest absence of rational material advantage for any modern state power in pursuing either its own interests or those of its subjects by the threat of use of armed force against other modern states. 6 Modern liberty differed considerably from that of the ancients, as modern liberty would be what Isaiah Berlin called negative liberty or freedom. Alternatively, positive freedom or liberty is what Berlin called that of the ancients. Negative freedom, is a notion where the individual is allowed actions when no one is interfering with your right to action. There is a lack of constraint, whereas positive liberty (that of the ancients) is to have the ability to carry through an objective and the freedom to carry it forward. To understand how Constant was lead to believe that ancient democracy was dangerously impractical; is to understand what would happen when ancient liberties are placed on a modern world. Constant shows the difference between the ancients and moderns in terms of the outcome of these differences. Firstly the size of a country causes a corresponding decrease of the political importance allotted to each individual7 Constant believes that, in ancient states, the individual citizen still wield considerable power in terms of his political influence whilst in modern states, he does not.